Chronology

Miriam Angeline Works no. 1

Civil marriage.She is 18, he is 23. Time & eternity (resealed 1846 by proxy).

His first wife, married when he was a 23-year-old carpenter in New York. She contracted tuberculosis and was an invalid for years; Brigham carried her to her chair each morning, cooked and kept house around her, and she died in 1832, months after both were baptized.

1824 civil marriage1832 died— temple sealing confirmed

Johnson Table 1; Turner p.134

Mary Ann Angell no. 2

Civil marriage.She is 26, he is 33. Time & eternity.

Not a plural wife - he married her as a widower two years after Miriam died. She raised Miriam's two children with her own six, and held the White House separately from the Lion House.

1834 civil marriage— temple sealing confirmed1882 died

Johnson Table 1; Turner pp. 138-39

Lucy Ann Decker no. 3

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 20, he is 41. Time & eternity. She is already married to a living man.

His FIRST plural wife, married by Joseph Smith himself. She was 20, he was 41.

1842 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1891 died

Johnson Table 1 (date 14 June; Johnson's prose says 17 June - use 14 June, per Lucy's own affidavit)

Augusta Adams Cobb no. 4

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 41, he is 42. Time & eternity. She is already married to a living man.

The most quotable and most miserable. A Boston society woman who LEFT her husband and five of her children to follow Brigham to Nauvoo, was sealed to him without ever being civilly divorced, and buried her infant son on the journey.

1843 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed

Johnson Table 1; Turner pp. 137-38, 192-93

Harriet Elizabeth Cook no. 5

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 19, he is 42. Time & eternity.

Married the SAME DAY as Augusta Adams; each woman's affidavit names the other as a witness, alongside first wife Mary Ann Angell. A 19-year-old convert with no relatives in Nauvoo.

1843 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1898 died

Johnson Table 1; Bergera, Dialogue 38:3 pp. 55-56

Clarissa Caroline Decker no. 6

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 16, he is 43. Time & eternity.

SIXTEEN years old; he was 42. Lucy Ann Decker's younger sister - the second Decker daughter in the family.

1844 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1889 died

Johnson Table 1; RSC Journey West glossary

Emily Dow Partridge no. 7

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 20, he is 43. To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time. A widow of Joseph Smith.

Daughter of the martyred Bishop Edward Partridge, whom she watched dragged off and tarred and feathered when she was nine. She and her sister Eliza lived in Joseph Smith's house as teenagers, married him secretly in March 1843, then married him AGAIN two months later when Emma chose them - and were expelled from the house when Emma turned.

1844 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1899 died

Johnson Table 1; Compton ch. 18; Marquardt, JMH 34:3 pp. 135, 153

Clarissa Ross no. 8

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 30, he is 43. Time & eternity.

Turner calls her Brigham's FIRST marriage after Joseph's murder - a little over ten weeks after Carthage. She was 30, stepdaughter of his friend Isaac Chase.

1844 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1857 died

Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 133 (facsimile)

Louisa Beaman no. 9

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 29, he is 43. To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time. A widow of Joseph Smith.

MORMONISM'S FIRST DOCUMENTED PLURAL WIFE - sealed to Joseph Smith in April 1841, the ceremony that started everything. Brigham married her nine days after Clarissa Ross, at his own house.

1844 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1850 died

Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 133; Compton ch. 3

Eliza Roxcy Snow no. 10

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 40, he is 43. To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time. A widow of Joseph Smith.

THE most consequential woman in 19th-century Mormonism after Emma. Poet, intellectual, Relief Society general president, founder of the Primary and the Deseret Hospital - Brigham was known to defer to her on church policy.

1844 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1887 died

Johnson Table 1 entry 10 and n. 10 (p. 66) - POSITION AND DATE NOW CONFIRMED from the printed table; BYU Studies, 'The Lion and the Lioness' (Derr); Compton ch. 13

Elizabeth Fairchild no. 11

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 16, he is 43. Not recorded.

Sealed the SAME DAY as Eliza R. Snow - Johnson's table gives both 3 October 1844, and Brigham's journal has her as 'Betsey Farechil[d]es' at Snow's sealing.

1844 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1855 divorce or separation1910 died

Johnson Table 1 entry 11 and n. 11 (p. 66) - DATE, DEATH YEAR AND LATER HUSBANDS NOW CONFIRMED from the printed table; Johnson pp. 63, 65

Clarissa Blake no. 12

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 48, he is 43. Not recorded. She is already married to a living man.

She wrote Brigham an ACROSTIC POEM and a love letter shortly after the sealing - one of the very few documents in which a plural wife describes her own feeling at the moment of marriage: 'my heart is like a bird let lo[o]se from a long and close confinement and soars aloof on joyful pinions.' On his role: 'Onward to guide us, to celestial joys... Upward thou will rise, and we will follow on.' Johnson's table gives her birth year as 1796, making her five years older than Brigham - exactly as his prose says.

1844 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed

Johnson Table 1 entry 12 and n. 12 (p. 66) - POSITION, DATE AND BIRTH YEAR NOW CONFIRMED from the printed table; Turner pp. 134-35 and n. 56; Johnson p. 63. PRIOR MARITAL STATUS CONTESTED

Rebecca Holman no. 13

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 20, he is 43. Not recorded.

One of three wives Brigham married on three consecutive days (8, 9 and 10 October 1844) - the 'busy stretch' Turner mentions. She died at Cutler's Park, Nebraska, during the exodus, and is recorded in the 1846-49 death and burial register there.

1844 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1849 died

Johnson Table 1 and n. 13

Diana Severance Chase no. 14

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 17, he is 43. Not recorded.

HER MARRIAGE IS THE BEST EVIDENCE THAT THESE SEALINGS WERE CONSUMMATED. On 10 October 1844 Brigham and Heber Kimball visited Ezra Chase, sealed Ezra to his wife for eternity, and then each married one of Ezra's daughters - Brigham took Diana, Kimball took Charlotte.

1844 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1849 divorce or separation1886 died

Johnson Table 1, nn. 14, and p. 65; Turner p. 135

Susannah (Susan) Snively no. 15

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 29, he is 43. Not recorded.

A Virginia-born convert who came to Nauvoo in 1842. Childless.

1844 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1892 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 15; Compton, JMH 25:2 biographical register

Olive Grey Frost no. 16

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 28, he is 43. To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time. A widow of Joseph Smith.

A widow of Joseph Smith who died in Nauvoo before the temple sealings - hers is THE ONLY marriage from this cohort never confirmed in the temple, because she did not live to see it open. Her sister Mary Ann Frost Pratt wrote the only real biographical sketch of her.

1844 sealed to him1845 died— never confirmed

Johnson Table 1 entry 16 (1816-45) and n. 16, against his prose p. 63; Tanner, Joseph Smith and Polygamy p. 47. TABLE PREFERRED OVER PROSE

Mary Ann Clark no. 17

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 29, he is 44. Not recorded. She is already married to a living man.

Sealed to Brigham while apparently continuing to live with her non-Mormon first husband, who later left her. Her exit is one of the few in Brigham's own words, because she put it in writing from Kanesville, Iowa, on 18 June 1851: 'I wish you to release me from all engagements with you for time and eternity....' The request was granted.

1845 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1851 divorce or separation

Johnson Table 1 n. 17 and p. 65; Compton, JMH 25:2; Turner p. 193

Margaret Pierce no. 18

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 22, he is 44. To first husband for eternity, to BY for time. She is already married to a living man.

One of the most poignant timings in the whole list: she had been married to Morris Whitesides for SIX MONTHS when she was sealed to Brigham in January 1845 - and her first husband died of consumption ONE MONTH LATER. She was sealed to Whitesides for eternity and to Brigham for time, so she kept her dying husband forever and got an earthly protector at the same moment.

1845 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1907 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 18; Turner pp. 136, 140

Mary Harvey Pierce no. 19

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 24, he is 44. Not recorded.

Married on the SAME DAY as her sister Margaret - Brigham's diary records a visit to Robert Pierce's home on 16 January 1845 and several scholars date both sealings to that day. She died in March 1847 during the Winter Quarters period; Eliza R.

1845 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1847 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 19; Turner n. 57

Emmeline Free no. 20

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 19, he is 44. Time & eternity.

THE LOYALTY TRANSACTION. In spring 1845 John D.

1845 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1875 died

Turner pp. 135-36; Johnson Table 1 n. 20; RSC BY Chronology (30 Apr 1845)

Mary Elizabeth Rollins no. 21

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 27, he is 44. Eternity only (to Joseph); BY for time on paper. She is already married to a living man. A widow of Joseph Smith.

THE CLEAREST CASE THAT 'WIFE' MEANT SOMETHING OTHER THAN MARRIAGE. Sealed to Joseph Smith in February 1842 while married to Adam Lightner, a non-Mormon who never joined.

1845 sealed to him— temple sealing confirmed1913 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 21 and p. 66; Turner p. 134

Margaret Alley no. 22

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 21, he is 45. Time & eternity.

ONE OF ONLY TWO. Johnson is explicit about the Nauvoo temple wave: 'Of this group, only two, Margaret Alley and Zina Huntington, bore him children.' Nineteen sealings in five weeks and two reproductive marriages.

1846 sealed to him1852 died

Johnson p. 61 ('only two, Margaret Alley and Zina Huntington') and Table 1 n. 22; Turner p. 134

Olive Andrews no. 23

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 28, he is 45. To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time. A widow of Joseph Smith.

A widow of Joseph Smith sealed to him for eternity with Brigham standing proxy, then to Brigham for time - the standard two-step of that fortnight. The Nauvoo temple register records her under 'Smith, Olive Andrews (for time).' Beyond the ordinance record, very little survives about her.

Johnson Table 1 n. 23; Brown, Nauvoo Sealings (register cross-ref)

Emily Haws no. 24

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 23, he is 45. For time only. She is already married to a living man.

A case Turner uses to show that a temple sealing often changed NOTHING on the ground. She was legally married to William Whitmarsh when she was sealed to Brigham in mid-January 1846 - and in mid-FEBRUARY, a month later, she completed a property transaction as Whitmarsh's wife.

Turner p. 136; Johnson Table 1 n. 24

Martha Bowker no. 25

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 24, he is 45. Not recorded.

Came west, lived in Brigham's household, died childless in 1890 at 68. Recorded in the Nauvoo temple register as sealed to him on 21 January 1846, the same day as sixteen-year-old Ellen Rockwood.

1846 sealed to him1890 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 25; Brown, Nauvoo Sealings

Ellen Rockwood no. 26

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 17, he is 45. Not recorded.

SIXTEEN YEARS OLD - the youngest of the entire Nauvoo temple wave, and the youngest wife Turner names. On 16 December 1845 Brigham personally brought her through the veil into the celestial room along with Augusta Adams and Eliza R.

1846 sealed to him1866 died

Turner pp. 132, 134, 139; Johnson Table 1

Jemima Angell no. 27

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 43, he is 45. Time & eternity. She is already married to a living man.

His FIRST WIFE'S SISTER. Widowed by her first husband and no longer living with her second, she was sealed to Brigham on the same day as his two mothers-in-law.

1846 sealed to him1869 died

Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 134 and n. 56. PRIOR HUSBAND CONTESTED

Abigail Marks (Works) no. 28

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 65, he is 45. Time & eternity.

HIS MOTHER-IN-LAW. The widowed mother of Miriam Works, Brigham's first wife, who had died fourteen years earlier.

1846 died1846 sealed to him

Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 134 and n. 52

Phebe Morton no. 29

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 70, he is 45. Time & eternity. She is already married to a living man.

HIS OTHER MOTHER-IN-LAW, and at 69 or 70 the OLDEST woman he ever married - this is the '66' in Turner's line that his wives ranged in age 'from sixteen to sixty-six' (she was older still by Johnson's birth year of 1776). Long estranged from her husband James Angell, who was still living.

1846 sealed to him1854 died

Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 134 and n. 56

Cynthia Porter no. 30

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 63, he is 45. Not recorded.

Sixty-two or sixty-three years old, with a living or former husband named Weston. Sealed in the same 28 January batch as the two mothers-in-law - a day that looks less like marriage than like a welfare and kinship operation conducted at speed.

Johnson Table 1; Brown, Nauvoo Sealings (register cross-ref)

Mary Eliza Nelson no. 31

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 34, he is 45. To first husband for eternity, to BY for time.

Widow of John P. Greene, the Nauvoo marshal (and the man whose household first received a Book of Mormon that reached the Young family).

1846 sealed to him1850 divorce or separation1885 died

Johnson Table 1 and p. 65; Turner p. 193

Rhoda Richards no. 32

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 62, he is 45. To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time. A widow of Joseph Smith.

SIXTY-ONE at the sealing, and she left one of the most quoted explanations any plural wife ever gave: 'In my young days I buried my first and only love, and true to that affiance, I have passed companionless through life: but am sure of having my proper place and standing in the resurrection, having been sealed to the prophet Joseph, according to the celestial law.' She had been sealed to Joseph in 1843 at 59. Sister of Apostle Willard Richards and Brigham's own first cousin.

1846 sealed to him1879 died

Johnson Table 1; Compton ch. 25; Sunstone 111

Zina Diantha Huntington no. 33

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 25, he is 45. To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time. She is already married to a living man. A widow of Joseph Smith.

THE CASE THAT WILL NOT RESOLVE. Married Henry Jacobs in March 1841; accepted Joseph Smith's proposal seven months later and KEPT LIVING WITH HENRY, bearing him a son two months after the sealing.

1846 sealed to him1901 died

Turner pp. 134, 136-37; Compton ch. 4; Johnson pp. 61, 63 and Table 1; Bradley & Woodward, JMH 20:1

Amy Cecilia Cooper no. 34

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 42, he is 45. Not recorded. She is already married to a living man.

Sealed as Brigham's thirty-fourth wife and then went HOME. By December 1847 she was back in Northbridge, Massachusetts, and Augusta Adams Cobb wrote to her there - a remarkable letter in which Augusta pronounces a blessing on her and then SEALS IT: 'This blessing dear sister I seal upon your head in the name of Jesus C by virtue of the priesthood vested in me amen.' A plural wife claiming priesthood authority in writing, to another plural wife, in 1847.

Johnson Table 1 n. 34; Turner n. 56; O'Donovan, JMH 38:2 p. 11

Mary Ellen de la Montague no. 35

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 43, he is 45. Not recorded. She is already married to a living man.

THE COLD OPEN OF THE WHOLE STORY, AND THE ONLY WOMAN IN THE LIST WHO WAS HIS ADOPTED DAUGHTER FIRST. On 17 January 1846 she was the lone passenger in Brigham's new omnibus carriage when the horses went through a Nauvoo bridge; she ran to his house, he got out of bed, hauled the horses out one at a time and washed them with whiskey to stop them stiffening.

1846 adopted as his daughter1846 sealed to him1846 divorce or separation

Turner pp. 132, 140 and n. 64; Johnson pp. 63, 64 and Table 1 n. 35. TURNER AND JOHNSON READ THE DIVORCE DIFFERENTLY - both recorded above

Julia Foster no. 36

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 35, he is 45. To Hampton for eternity, to BY for time.

A full-circle case. Brigham CONVERTED her back in 1833, then MARRIED HER OFF to Jonathan Hampton - and now, thirteen years later, stood proxy for her eternal sealing to Hampton and became her husband 'for time' himself.

1846 sealed to him1891 died

Turner p. 134; Johnson Table 1 n. 36

Abigail Harback no. 37

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 56, he is 45. Not recorded.

Fifty-five or fifty-six at the sealing, with a prior husband named Hall. She died in 1849, during or just after the migration.

1846 sealed to him1849 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 37 (source: 'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 577)

Mary Ann Turley no. 38

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 19, he is 45. Not recorded.

Eighteen or nineteen at the sealing. Heber Kimball's journal records her on 20 December 1845, six weeks before the temple ceremony, suggesting an earlier arrangement.

1846 sealed to him1851 divorce or separation1904 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 38 and p. 65; Turner p. 193

Naamah Kendel Jenkins Carter no. 39

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 25, he is 45. Not recorded.

Sealed in the last days of temple work, 6 February 1846 - two days before the veil and altar came down and the records were packed for the journey. She lived a long life in Utah, dying in 1909 at 88.

1846 sealed to him1909 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 39

Nancy Cressy no. 40

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 66, he is 45. Not recorded.

BORN IN 1780 - she was SIXTY-FIVE OR SIXTY-SIX at the sealing, and the oldest woman by birth year that Brigham ever married apart from Phebe Morton. She was twenty-one years OLDER than her husband.

1846 sealed to him1872 died

Johnson Table 1; Brown, Nauvoo Sealings (register cross-ref)

Jane Terry no. 41

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 28, he is 46. Not recorded.

Married at Winter Quarters in February 1847 and dead within the year. Her second husband had been a George W.

1847 died1847 sealed to him

Johnson Table 1

Lucy Bigelow no. 42

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 17, he is 46. Time & eternity.

Sixteen or seventeen when she and her SISTER Mary Jane were both sealed to Brigham on the same day at Winter Quarters. The sisters' paths then diverged completely: Lucy bore him three daughters, ran his St.

1847 sealed to him1905 died

Johnson Table 1; Quinn App. 6 ('3 ch, in will')

Mary Jane Bigelow no. 43

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 20, he is 46. Not recorded.

Started west with Brigham's company in 1848 and TURNED BACK. Divorced him in 1851, among the first divorces the church formally recorded, and married twice more.

1847 sealed to him1851 divorce or separation1868 died

Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 193; Johnson p. 65

Sarah Malin no. 44

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 44, he is 47. Not recorded.

Married at Winter Quarters in April 1848, just before the main body went west. Quinn records her with no children and NOT named in Brigham's will - the combination that usually marks a sealing which never became a household relationship.

1848 sealed to him1858 died

Johnson Table 1 and p. 62 ('both Sarah and Mary Jane later left him'); Quinn App. 6 ('*Sarah M. Guckin (Malin) 1848 (no ch)')

Eliza Burgess no. 45

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 25, he is 51. Time & eternity.

An English convert who had worked as a servant in the Young household before becoming a wife - a pattern that recurs across Mormon polygamy and rarely gets named. She bore him one son and was named in his will.

1852 sealed to him1915 died

Johnson Table 1; Quinn App. 6 ('Eliza Burgess 1852 (1 ch), in will')

Mary Oldfield no. 46

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 59, he is 51. Not recorded.

Fifty-nine at the sealing, with a living husband, Eli Kelsey. No children, not in the will, no household.

1852 sealed to him1875 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 46; Quinn App. 6 ('*Mary Oldfield (Kelsey) 1852 (no ch)')

Eliza Babcock no. 47

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 25, he is 52. Not recorded.

Endowed in the Nauvoo temple on 10 January 1846 as a teenager, sealed to Brigham at some point before 1853, and divorced in September 1853. She married twice more.

1853 sealed to him1853 divorce or separation1868 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 47 and p. 65; Turner p. 193

Catherine Reese no. 48

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 51, he is 54. Not recorded.

Fifty-one at the sealing, with a prior husband, Zepheniah Clawson. No children, not in the will.

1855 sealed to him1860 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 48; Quinn App. 6 ('*Catherine Reese (Clawson, Egan) 1855 (no ch)')

Harriet Barney no. 49

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 26, he is 55. Time & eternity.

Previously married to W. H.

1856 sealed to him1911 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 49; Quinn App. 6 ('Harriet E. Barney (Sagers) 1856 (1 ch), in will')

Harriet Amelia Folsom no. 50

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 25, he is 62. Time & eternity.

THE LATE-LIFE FAVOURITE. Twenty-four to his sixty-one - THIRTY-SEVEN YEARS his junior - and he married her in January 1863 in OPEN VIOLATION of the federal Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, weeks after Governor Harding had publicly warned the Mormons to obey it.

1863 sealed to him1910 died

Johnson Table 1 n. 50; Turner p. 325; Quinn App. 6 ('no ch, in will')

Mary Van Cott no. 51

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 21, he is 64. Time & eternity.

Twenty-three; he was sixty-three. He moved her and her mother into a house he bought in Provo, partly meaning to spend more time there himself.

1865 sealed to him1884 died

Johnson Table 1 and p. 62; Turner p. 375. TOTAL-CHILDREN COUNT CONTESTED: Turner 58, Johnson 57; Quinn App. 6 ('1 ch, in will')

Ann Eliza Webb no. 52

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 24, he is 67. Time & eternity.

'WIFE NO. 19' - by far the most consequential departure.

1868 sealed to him1873 divorce or separation1874 left the church

Johnson Table 1, pp. 57, 63 (excommunication 10 Oct 1874; 'She was actually number fifty-two'); Turner p. 375; Quinn App. 6 ('no ch, divorced 1875')

Elizabeth Jones no. 53

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 55, he is 68. Not recorded.

Widow of Dan Jones, the celebrated Welsh missionary. Known as the 'Welsh Queen' for her generosity to poor Welsh emigrants, and Brigham praised her publicly.

1869 sealed to him1895 died

Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 376

Lydia Farnsworth no. 54

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 62, he is 69. Eternity only (apparent). She is already married to a living man.

Sixty-two at the sealing, with a living husband. Turner notes she 'had long wanted to be Brigham Young's wife' - one of several women who pursued the connection for years before it was granted.

1870 sealed to him1897 died

Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 376; Quinn App. 6 ('*Lydia Farnsworth (Mayhew) 1870 (no ch)')

Hannah Tapfield King no. 55

A sealing, not a marriage in law.She is 65, he is 71. Eternity only. She is already married to a living man.

HIS LAST MARRIAGE, and a pure eternity-only sealing. A Cambridge-born English writer and poet who joined the church in 1850 and came to Utah in 1853 WITH her non-Mormon husband, who never converted.

1872 sealed to him1886 died

Johnson Table 1 and p. 66; Turner n. 56; Crawley, Descriptive Bibliography v.3