[ { "n": 1, "name": "Miriam Angeline Works", "born": 1806, "died": 1832, "died_date": "Sept 1832", "died_place": "Mendon, New York (his farm)", "married": "8 Oct 1824", "date_is_for": "Civil marriage - legal", "temple_event": "Resealed to him BY PROXY in the Nauvoo temple, Jan 1846, fourteen years after she died - Mary Ann Angell stood in her place. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 18, "his_age": 23, "age_gap": 5, "phase": "Legal wife (pre-polygamy)", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity (resealed 1846 by proxy)", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 2, "lived_with": "Yes - his first household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "n/a - died 1832", "remarried": "n/a - died 1832", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. She died in 1832, before Nauvoo, and is known only through his history. | 'History of Brigham Young,' Deseret News, 10 Feb 1858", "description": "His first wife, married when he was a 23-year-old carpenter in New York. She contracted tuberculosis and was an invalid for years; Brigham carried her to her chair each morning, cooked and kept house around her, and she died in 1832, months after both were baptized. She never saw Nauvoo, never knew polygamy. In the Nauvoo temple in January 1846 he was resealed to her by proxy, with Mary Ann Angell standing in her place - and then thirty-one couples and his own children were sealed to Brigham AND Miriam, making a dead woman the ritual mother of his entire adopted kingdom.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Turner p.134", "slug": "miriam-angeline-works", "era": "Before polygamy", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "died-early", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "unknown", "records": "none", "date_is": "civil_marriage" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. She died in 1832, before Nauvoo, and is known only through his history.", "records_cite": "'History of Brigham Young,' Deseret News, 10 Feb 1858", "children_n": 2, "photo_era": "impossible", "died_year": 1832, "married_year": 1824, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Civil marriage", "year": 1824, "sort": [ 1824, 10, 8 ], "text": "8 Oct 1824", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1832, "sort": [ 1832, 9, 0 ], "text": "Sept 1832", "note": "" }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Resealed to him BY PROXY in the Nauvoo temple, Jan 1846, fourteen years after she died - Mary Ann Angell stood in her place. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/miriam-angeline-works/" }, { "n": 2, "name": "Mary Ann Angell", "born": 1808, "died": 1882, "died_date": "27 June 1882", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "10 Feb 1834", "date_is_for": "Civil marriage - legal", "temple_event": "Reconfirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 26, "his_age": 33, "age_gap": 7, "phase": "Legal wife (remarriage as widower)", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 6, "lived_with": "Yes - head of household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No - widowed by him", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "No autobiography. Obituary and ward records only; she is written about constantly in others' papers. | Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 28 June 1882", "description": "Not a plural wife - he married her as a widower two years after Miriam died. She raised Miriam's two children with her own six, and held the White House separately from the Lion House. In January 1846 Heber Kimball anointed her 'Queen & Priestess unto her husband' while Brigham was made 'King and Priest.' She stood proxy for the dead Miriam in sealing after sealing, and repeatedly presented new wives to her husband at the altar. The first wife's consent was structurally required, and she gave it for decades.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Turner pp. 138-39", "slug": "mary-ann-angell", "era": "Before polygamy", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "civil_marriage" }, "records_prose": "No autobiography. Obituary and ward records only; she is written about constantly in others' papers.", "records_cite": "Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 28 June 1882", "children_n": 6, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1882, "married_year": 1834, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Civil marriage", "year": 1834, "sort": [ 1834, 2, 10 ], "text": "10 Feb 1834", "note": "" }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Reconfirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1882, "sort": [ 1882, 6, 27 ], "text": "27 June 1882", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/mary-ann-angell/" }, { "n": 3, "name": "Lucy Ann Decker", "born": 1822, "died": 1890, "died_date": "24 Jan 1891 or shortly before", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "14 June 1842", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 20, "his_age": 41, "age_gap": 21, "phase": "During Joseph Smith's life", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) William Seeley", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 7, "lived_with": "Yes - Lion House", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Sister of Clarissa Decker (#6)", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "Her sworn plural-marriage affidavit (Book 1, p. 48) and an obituary. No memoir. | 'Death of Lucy D. Young,' Deseret Evening News, 24 Jan 1891", "description": "His FIRST plural wife, married by Joseph Smith himself. She was 20, he was 41. She was already married to William Seeley - family tradition calls him a drunkard who abandoned her and their two children, though Turner found Brigham making payments to Seeley in Nauvoo the month after the wedding, so Seeley was still around. Her father Isaac Decker was an old friend of the Young family. Her son born June 1845 was among the first children of Brigham's post-martyrdom polygamy. NOTE: Brigham's first attempt at plural marriage failed - Martha Brotherton refused him in 1842, left Nauvoo, and published her account.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 (date 14 June; Johnson's prose says 17 June - use 14 June, per Lucy's own affidavit)", "slug": "lucy-ann-decker", "era": "Nauvoo, during Joseph Smith's life", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "Her sworn plural-marriage affidavit (Book 1, p. 48) and an obituary. No memoir.", "records_cite": "'Death of Lucy D. Young,' Deseret Evening News, 24 Jan 1891", "children_n": 7, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1890, "married_year": 1842, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1842, "sort": [ 1842, 6, 14 ], "text": "14 June 1842", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1891, "sort": [ 1891, 1, 24 ], "text": "24 Jan 1891 or shortly before", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/lucy-ann-decker/" }, { "n": 4, "name": "Augusta Adams Cobb", "born": 1802, "died": 1886, "died_date": "Not established here", "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "2 Nov 1843", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 41, "his_age": 42, "age_gap": 1, "phase": "During Joseph Smith's life", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) Henry Cobb", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Probable", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Yes - Lion House, middle story", "divorce": "Repeatedly requested; never granted", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "n/a - she asked repeatedly and was refused", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented) - but tried to leave BY, not the faith", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "LETTERS - and they are the richest first-person source of any wife on this list. No memoir. | Turner pp. 137-38, 192-93; O'Donovan, JMH 38:2", "description": "The most quotable and most miserable. A Boston society woman who LEFT her husband and five of her children to follow Brigham to Nauvoo, was sealed to him without ever being civilly divorced, and buried her infant son on the journey. By January 1846 she wanted out: 'I can never be yours in the position you have placed me.' Her counter-proposal was to be sealed to JESUS CHRIST - and failing that, 'I will take the next step and go to Joseph.' In 1848 Brigham finally agreed to give her up to Joseph Smith 'in the morning of the first resurrection'; she promptly told everyone and signed herself Augusta A. Young Smith. She called him 'Lord Brigham,' 'his Excellency,' 'Mr. Proxy,' and 'Alien,' and called herself the Lion of the Lord's 'Lioness.' He sometimes refused to see her for months.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Turner pp. 137-38, 192-93", "slug": "augusta-adams-cobb", "era": "Nauvoo, during Joseph Smith's life", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "probable", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "separated", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "LETTERS - and they are the richest first-person source of any wife on this list. No memoir.", "records_cite": "Turner pp. 137-38, 192-93; O'Donovan, JMH 38:2", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1886, "married_year": 1843, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1843, "sort": [ 1843, 11, 2 ], "text": "2 Nov 1843", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/augusta-adams-cobb/" }, { "n": 5, "name": "Harriet Elizabeth Cook", "born": 1824, "died": 1898, "died_date": "c. 5 Nov 1898", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "2 Nov 1843", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 19, "his_age": 42, "age_gap": 23, "phase": "During Joseph Smith's life", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 1, "lived_with": "Yes - household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "Her sworn plural-marriage affidavit, and nothing else of hers. The biographical sketch Johnson cites is of her SON Oscar, not of her. | 'Plural Marriage Affidavits,' Book 2, p. 12; Booth, 'A Biographical Sketch of the Life of Oscar S. Young,' typescript", "description": "Married the SAME DAY as Augusta Adams; each woman's affidavit names the other as a witness, alongside first wife Mary Ann Angell. A 19-year-old convert with no relatives in Nauvoo. Her son was born in early 1846 as the Saints were packing to leave. Decades later Andrew Jenson recorded her as a source on Joseph Smith's plural wives - she was inside the secret by 1843 and remembered who else was. That same evening of 2 Nov 1843, Brigham officiated at Joseph Smith's sealing to Brigham's own older sister, Fanny Young.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Bergera, Dialogue 38:3 pp. 55-56", "slug": "harriet-elizabeth-cook", "era": "Nauvoo, during Joseph Smith's life", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "Her sworn plural-marriage affidavit, and nothing else of hers. The biographical sketch Johnson cites is of her SON Oscar, not of her.", "records_cite": "'Plural Marriage Affidavits,' Book 2, p. 12; Booth, 'A Biographical Sketch of the Life of Oscar S. Young,' typescript", "children_n": 1, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1898, "married_year": 1843, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1843, "sort": [ 1843, 11, 2 ], "text": "2 Nov 1843", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1898, "sort": [ 1898, 11, 0 ], "text": "c. 5 Nov 1898", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/harriet-elizabeth-cook/" }, { "n": 6, "name": "Clarissa Caroline Decker", "born": 1828, "died": 1889, "died_date": "c. 7 Jan 1889", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "8 May 1844", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 16, "his_age": 43, "age_gap": 27, "phase": "During Joseph Smith's life", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 5, "lived_with": "Yes - household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Sister of Lucy Ann Decker (#3)", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "HER OWN ACCOUNT of the 1847 vanguard company, written 1884. | Clara Decker Young, 'A Young Women's Experience with the Pioneer Band,' 1884, Bancroft Library; Whitney, 'The Three Pioneer Women'", "description": "SIXTEEN years old; he was 42. Lucy Ann Decker's younger sister - the second Decker daughter in the family. Married seven weeks before Joseph Smith was killed at Carthage. She became one of only THREE women in the 1847 vanguard pioneer company that entered the Salt Lake Valley, travelling with her mother Harriet Page Wheeler Decker.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; RSC Journey West glossary", "slug": "clarissa-caroline-decker", "era": "Nauvoo, during Joseph Smith's life", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "HER OWN ACCOUNT of the 1847 vanguard company, written 1884.", "records_cite": "Clara Decker Young, 'A Young Women's Experience with the Pioneer Band,' 1884, Bancroft Library; Whitney, 'The Three Pioneer Women'", "children_n": 5, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1889, "married_year": 1844, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1844, "sort": [ 1844, 5, 8 ], "text": "8 May 1844", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1889, "sort": [ 1889, 1, 0 ], "text": "c. 7 Jan 1889", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/clarissa-caroline-decker/" }, { "n": 7, "name": "Emily Dow Partridge", "born": 1824, "died": 1899, "died_date": "9 Dec 1899", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "Sept or Nov 1844", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 20, "his_age": 43, "age_gap": 23, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(1) Joseph Smith", "js_widow": "Yes", "sealing_type": "To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 7, "lived_with": "Yes - household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Stepdaughter of William Huntington, Zina's father", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "AUTOBIOGRAPHY, a diary, and sworn courtroom testimony. One of the best-documented women here. | Emily Dow Partridge Young, 'What I Remember,' 1884, typescript; Temple Lot testimony (1892); Compton ch. 18; Marquardt, JMH 34:3", "description": "Daughter of the martyred Bishop Edward Partridge, whom she watched dragged off and tarred and feathered when she was nine. She and her sister Eliza lived in Joseph Smith's house as teenagers, married him secretly in March 1843, then married him AGAIN two months later when Emma chose them - and were expelled from the house when Emma turned. Compton calls her a 'Latter-day Hagar.' Her first child by Brigham, born 30 Oct 1845, was registered as 'Edward Partridge Young SMITH' - carrying both her dead prophet-husband's name and her living one's. She testified under oath in the 1892 Temple Lot case that she had had 'carnal intercourse' with Joseph. 'I am not ashamed of my religion... Neither am I ashamed of my name, nor would I be even if it was, EMILY DOW PARTRIDGE SMITH YOUNG, ETC.' DATE DISPUTE: Marquardt says November 1844; Johnson's table implies September.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Compton ch. 18; Marquardt, JMH 34:3 pp. 135, 153", "slug": "emily-dow-partridge", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "yes", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "eternity-to-another", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "AUTOBIOGRAPHY, a diary, and sworn courtroom testimony. One of the best-documented women here.", "records_cite": "Emily Dow Partridge Young, 'What I Remember,' 1884, typescript; Temple Lot testimony (1892); Compton ch. 18; Marquardt, JMH 34:3", "children_n": 7, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1899, "married_year": 1844, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1844, "sort": [ 1844, 9, 0 ], "text": "Sept or Nov 1844", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1899, "sort": [ 1899, 12, 9 ], "text": "9 Dec 1899", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/emily-dow-partridge/" }, { "n": 8, "name": "Clarissa Ross", "born": 1814, "died": 1857, "died_date": 1857, "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "10 Sept 1844", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 30, "his_age": 43, "age_gap": 13, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 4, "lived_with": "Yes - household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "n/a - died 1857, twenty years before him", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Stepdaughter of Isaac Chase, BY's friend", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No - died 1857", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Johnson cites a history of her STEPFATHER Isaac Chase. | Welling, 'History of Isaac Chase,' 1964, typescript", "description": "Turner calls her Brigham's FIRST marriage after Joseph's murder - a little over ten weeks after Carthage. She was 30, stepdaughter of his friend Isaac Chase. The diary entry recording the wedding is the whole point: 'this day I visited Br. Isac Chace Br H. C. Kimball was with me Br & Sister Chase with their daughter Claricy was at home, we had a good visit.' That is the entire record of the marriage. The manuscript page is reproduced in Turner at p. 133.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 133 (facsimile)", "slug": "clarissa-ross", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "unknown", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Johnson cites a history of her STEPFATHER Isaac Chase.", "records_cite": "Welling, 'History of Isaac Chase,' 1964, typescript", "children_n": 4, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1857, "married_year": 1844, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1844, "sort": [ 1844, 9, 10 ], "text": "10 Sept 1844", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1857, "sort": [ 1857, 0, 0 ], "text": "1857", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/clarissa-ross/" }, { "n": 9, "name": "Louisa Beaman", "born": 1815, "died": 1850, "died_date": "15 May 1850", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "19 Sept 1844", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 29, "his_age": 43, "age_gap": 14, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(1) Joseph Smith", "js_widow": "Yes", "sealing_type": "To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 5, "lived_with": "Yes - household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No - died 1850", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Written about her only", "records": "No writings of her own survive. A full biographical chapter in Compton. | Compton ch. 3; Historian's Office Journal, 16 May 1850", "description": "MORMONISM'S FIRST DOCUMENTED PLURAL WIFE - sealed to Joseph Smith in April 1841, the ceremony that started everything. Brigham married her nine days after Clarissa Ross, at his own house. His diary that day: 'staed at home all day my wife is quite sick,' and separately in code, 'I saw [sealed and wed] Louisa B. Smith.' Afterward he wrote: 'Grate is the work of the Lord in these Last days... the Lord is with me continuly.' She bore him five children, including two sets of twins; none survived. She died of a breast tumour in 1850 at 35, with Eliza Snow, Zina and Presendia around her.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 133; Compton ch. 3", "slug": "louisa-beaman", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "yes", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "eternity-to-another", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "about-her", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "No writings of her own survive. A full biographical chapter in Compton.", "records_cite": "Compton ch. 3; Historian's Office Journal, 16 May 1850", "children_n": 5, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1850, "married_year": 1844, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1844, "sort": [ 1844, 9, 19 ], "text": "19 Sept 1844", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1850, "sort": [ 1850, 5, 15 ], "text": "15 May 1850", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/louisa-beaman/" }, { "n": 10, "name": "Eliza Roxcy Snow", "born": 1804, "died": 1887, "died_date": "5 Dec 1887", "died_place": "Salt Lake City (Lion House)", "married": "3 Oct 1844", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 40, "his_age": 43, "age_gap": 3, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(1) Joseph Smith", "js_widow": "Yes", "sealing_type": "To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time", "sexual": "Unlikely", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Yes - Lion House", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Sister of future church president Lorenzo Snow", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "EXTENSIVE - diaries, an autobiographical sketch, and two published volumes of her own writing, plus a full scholarly biography. The best-documented woman on the list by a wide margin. | Beecher, The Personal Writings of Eliza Roxcy Snow (1995); Derr & Davidson, Eliza R. Snow: The Complete Poetry (2009); Derr, BYU Studies 40 (2001); Compton ch. 13", "description": "THE most consequential woman in 19th-century Mormonism after Emma. Poet, intellectual, Relief Society general president, founder of the Primary and the Deseret Hospital - Brigham was known to defer to her on church policy. Married Joseph in June 1842; when he was killed she prayed to die, and family tradition has Joseph appearing at her bedside to tell her to live. She married Brigham thirteen weeks after the martyrdom, at the Markham home, with Elizabeth Fairchild present. His daughter Clarissa Young Spencer described the marriage as one 'in name only,' though the two developed deep mutual respect. Childless, she was mother to the whole church instead. NOTE: Brigham's journal records the ceremony with only a private mark - not a sentence.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 entry 10 and n. 10 (p. 66) - POSITION AND DATE NOW CONFIRMED from the printed table; BYU Studies, 'The Lion and the Lioness' (Derr); Compton ch. 13", "slug": "eliza-roxcy-snow", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "yes", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "eternity-to-another", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "EXTENSIVE - diaries, an autobiographical sketch, and two published volumes of her own writing, plus a full scholarly biography. The best-documented woman on the list by a wide margin.", "records_cite": "Beecher, The Personal Writings of Eliza Roxcy Snow (1995); Derr & Davidson, Eliza R. Snow: The Complete Poetry (2009); Derr, BYU Studies 40 (2001); Compton ch. 13", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1887, "married_year": 1844, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1844, "sort": [ 1844, 10, 3 ], "text": "3 Oct 1844", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1887, "sort": [ 1887, 12, 5 ], "text": "5 Dec 1887", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/eliza-roxcy-snow/" }, { "n": 11, "name": "Elizabeth Fairchild", "born": 1828, "died": 1910, "died_date": 1910, "died_place": "Utah (Johnson: she 'remained in Utah')", "married": "3 Oct 1844", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 16, "his_age": 43, "age_gap": 27, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(2) James D. Lyman (3) Joseph McMurray (4) James Matthews (5) W. L. Chastain", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No - never part of the household", "divorce": "Divorced; certificate 2 June 1855", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "2 June 1855", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remarried and remained in Utah (Johnson p. 63); church membership not separately documented", "remarried": "YES - four times, after her 1855 divorce", "later_husbands": "James D. Lyman; Joseph McMurray; James Matthews; W. L. Chastain", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. She appears in Brigham's journal, a divorce certificate and a family group sheet. | Family group sheet of William Lowery Chastain and Elizabeth Fairchild, GS", "description": "Sealed the SAME DAY as Eliza R. Snow - Johnson's table gives both 3 October 1844, and Brigham's journal has her as 'Betsey Farechil[d]es' at Snow's sealing. She was sixteen. Johnson names her as one of three from this cohort who divorced Brigham; the certificate is dated 2 June 1855. She never became part of his household. Her later life answers the question the record usually leaves open: she married FOUR more times - James D. Lyman, Joseph McMurray, James Matthews and W. L. Chastain - stayed in Utah, and lived to 1910, outliving Brigham by thirty-three years. Johnson: the young women who left him 'all remarried; and Mary Jane, Eliza, and Elizabeth remained in Utah.'", "source": "Johnson Table 1 entry 11 and n. 11 (p. 66) - DATE, DEATH YEAR AND LATER HUSBANDS NOW CONFIRMED from the printed table; Johnson pp. 63, 65", "slug": "elizabeth-fairchild", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "separated", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "yes", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. She appears in Brigham's journal, a divorce certificate and a family group sheet.", "records_cite": "Family group sheet of William Lowery Chastain and Elizabeth Fairchild, GS", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1910, "married_year": 1844, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1844, "sort": [ 1844, 10, 3 ], "text": "3 Oct 1844", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Divorce or separation", "year": 1855, "sort": [ 1855, 6, 2 ], "text": "2 June 1855", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1910, "sort": [ 1910, 0, 0 ], "text": "1910", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/elizabeth-fairchild/" }, { "n": 12, "name": "Clarissa Blake", "born": 1796, "died": "?", "died_date": "Not established here", "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "8 Oct 1844", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 48, "his_age": 43, "age_gap": -5, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) Lyman Homiston", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Unknown", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Unknown - no death year recorded", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "Not established here", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "ONE LETTER AND AN ACROSTIC POEM in her own hand, written to Brigham just after the sealing - and essentially nothing else. | Turner pp. 134-35", "description": "She wrote Brigham an ACROSTIC POEM and a love letter shortly after the sealing - one of the very few documents in which a plural wife describes her own feeling at the moment of marriage: 'my heart is like a bird let lo[o]se from a long and close confinement and soars aloof on joyful pinions.' On his role: 'Onward to guide us, to celestial joys... Upward thou will rise, and we will follow on.' Johnson's table gives her birth year as 1796, making her five years older than Brigham - exactly as his prose says. SOURCES DISAGREE: Turner lists her among the fifteen women with living husbands; Johnson says her previous marital status - and her death date - are unknown.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 entry 12 and n. 12 (p. 66) - POSITION, DATE AND BIRTH YEAR NOW CONFIRMED from the printed table; Turner pp. 134-35 and n. 56; Johnson p. 63. PRIOR MARITAL STATUS CONTESTED", "slug": "clarissa-blake", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "unknown", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "unknown", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "ONE LETTER AND AN ACROSTIC POEM in her own hand, written to Brigham just after the sealing - and essentially nothing else.", "records_cite": "Turner pp. 134-35", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 9999, "married_year": 1844, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1844, "sort": [ 1844, 10, 8 ], "text": "8 Oct 1844", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/clarissa-blake/" }, { "n": 13, "name": "Rebecca Holman", "born": 1824, "died": 1849, "died_date": 1849, "died_place": "Cutler's Park, Nebraska (death and burial register, 1846-49)", "married": "9 Oct 1844", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 20, "his_age": 43, "age_gap": 23, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "Unknown", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No - died before Utah", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "n/a - died 1849", "remarried": "No - died 1849", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Johnson cites a biography of Joshua Sawyer HOLMAN, a relative, not of her. | Williams, 'Biography of Joshua Sawyer Holman,' typescript", "description": "One of three wives Brigham married on three consecutive days (8, 9 and 10 October 1844) - the 'busy stretch' Turner mentions. She died at Cutler's Park, Nebraska, during the exodus, and is recorded in the 1846-49 death and burial register there. Almost nothing else survives about her, which is itself the point: she is one of roughly twenty wives about whom the historical record is close to silent.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 and n. 13", "slug": "rebecca-holman", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "unknown", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "died-early", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Johnson cites a biography of Joshua Sawyer HOLMAN, a relative, not of her.", "records_cite": "Williams, 'Biography of Joshua Sawyer Holman,' typescript", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1849, "married_year": 1844, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1844, "sort": [ 1844, 10, 9 ], "text": "9 Oct 1844", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1849, "sort": [ 1849, 0, 0 ], "text": "1849", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/rebecca-holman/" }, { "n": 14, "name": "Diana Severance Chase", "born": 1827, "died": 1886, "died_date": 1886, "died_place": "Ogden area, Utah", "married": "10 Oct 1844", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 17, "his_age": 43, "age_gap": 26, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(2) William Montgomery Shaw", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Probable", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No - never part of the household", "divorce": "Left BY; remarried 1 Jan 1849", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "1 Jan 1849 (date she remarried; her leaving is undated)", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Daughter of Ezra Chase, brother of Isaac Chase (#8's stepfather)", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained in Utah; church status not documented here", "remarried": "YES - 1 Jan 1849, while Brigham was alive", "later_husbands": "William Montgomery Shaw", "record_type": "Written about her only", "records": "A BIOGRAPHICAL TYPESCRIPT about her, written by a descendant. | Olive Virginia Grey Madsen, 'Diana Chase Shaw,' n.d., typescript", "description": "HER MARRIAGE IS THE BEST EVIDENCE THAT THESE SEALINGS WERE CONSUMMATED. On 10 October 1844 Brigham and Heber Kimball visited Ezra Chase, sealed Ezra to his wife for eternity, and then each married one of Ezra's daughters - Brigham took Diana, Kimball took Charlotte. FOUR DAYS LATER the two apostles made a clandestine overnight visit back to the Chase house. Kimball's diary: 'No one knew whare we ware gon.' Diana later left Brigham, married William Montgomery Shaw on 1 January 1849, and raised a large family near Ogden.", "source": "Johnson Table 1, nn. 14, and p. 65; Turner p. 135", "slug": "diana-severance-chase", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "probable", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "separated", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "yes", "records": "about-her", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "A BIOGRAPHICAL TYPESCRIPT about her, written by a descendant.", "records_cite": "Olive Virginia Grey Madsen, 'Diana Chase Shaw,' n.d., typescript", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1886, "married_year": 1844, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1844, "sort": [ 1844, 10, 10 ], "text": "10 Oct 1844", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Divorce or separation", "year": 1849, "sort": [ 1849, 1, 1 ], "text": "1 Jan 1849 (date she remarried; her leaving is undated)", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1886, "sort": [ 1886, 0, 0 ], "text": "1886", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/diana-severance-chase/" }, { "n": 15, "name": "Susannah (Susan) Snively", "born": 1815, "died": 1892, "died_date": "c. 21 Nov 1892", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "31 Oct 1844", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 29, "his_age": 43, "age_gap": 14, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Yes - lived at Forest Farm", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Ward record and an obituary. | Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 21 Nov 1892", "description": "A Virginia-born convert who came to Nauvoo in 1842. Childless. She ran Brigham's Forest Farm outside Salt Lake City for a period - the eight-hundred-acre working farm where several of his wives were sent and where, by Turner's account, none of them found much contentment: the chores included cooking for a large crew of hired workers. Died in Salt Lake City in 1892, still in the church, at 77.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 15; Compton, JMH 25:2 biographical register", "slug": "susannah-susan-snively", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Ward record and an obituary.", "records_cite": "Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 21 Nov 1892", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1892, "married_year": 1844, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1844, "sort": [ 1844, 10, 31 ], "text": "31 Oct 1844", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1892, "sort": [ 1892, 11, 0 ], "text": "c. 21 Nov 1892", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/susannah-susan-snively/" }, { "n": 16, "name": "Olive Grey Frost", "born": 1816, "died": 1845, "died_date": "6 Oct 1845 (Tanner); Johnson's prose says Oct 1844, his table says 1845", "died_place": "Nauvoo, Illinois", "married": "7 Nov 1844", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "NEVER confirmed - she died before the temple opened. Johnson p. 63: hers is the only sealing from that period never confirmed.", "her_age": 28, "his_age": 43, "age_gap": 15, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(1) Joseph Smith", "js_widow": "Yes", "sealing_type": "To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Unknown", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Sister of Mary Ann Frost Pratt (Parley P. Pratt's wife)", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "n/a - died 1845", "remarried": "No - died 1845", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Written about her only", "records": "A PUBLISHED BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH by her sister - the only real account of her life. | Mary Ann Frost Pratt, 'Biographical Sketch of Olive Gray Frost,' Historical Record 6 (Jan 1887): 234-35", "description": "A widow of Joseph Smith who died in Nauvoo before the temple sealings - hers is THE ONLY marriage from this cohort never confirmed in the temple, because she did not live to see it open. Her sister Mary Ann Frost Pratt wrote the only real biographical sketch of her. DATE CONFLICT NOW RESOLVED INSIDE JOHNSON: his PROSE (p. 63) says she died in October 1844, but his own TABLE entry 16 reads 'Olive Gray Frost, 1816-45' and his note dates the marriage to 7 November 1844. The table and the Tanners (6 October 1845) agree; the prose sentence is the error.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 entry 16 (1816-45) and n. 16, against his prose p. 63; Tanner, Joseph Smith and Polygamy p. 47. TABLE PREFERRED OVER PROSE", "slug": "olive-grey-frost", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "yes", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "unknown", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "died-early", "sealing": "eternity-to-another", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "about-her", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "A PUBLISHED BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH by her sister - the only real account of her life.", "records_cite": "Mary Ann Frost Pratt, 'Biographical Sketch of Olive Gray Frost,' Historical Record 6 (Jan 1887): 234-35", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": "all-but-impossible", "died_year": 1845, "married_year": 1844, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1844, "sort": [ 1844, 11, 7 ], "text": "7 Nov 1844", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1845, "sort": [ 1845, 10, 6 ], "text": "6 Oct 1845 (Tanner); Johnson's prose says Oct 1844, his table says 1845", "note": "" }, { "label": "Never confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "NEVER confirmed - she died before the temple opened. Johnson p. 63: hers is the only sealing from that period never confirmed.", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/olive-grey-frost/" }, { "n": 17, "name": "Mary Ann Clark", "born": 1816, "died": "?", "died_date": "Not established here", "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "15 Jan 1845", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 29, "his_age": 44, "age_gap": 15, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) Mr. Powers", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No - apparently kept living with her first husband", "divorce": "Requested release 18 June 1851; granted", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "18 June 1851 (request granted)", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Unknown - no death year recorded", "left_church": "Not documented - left BY, church status unknown", "remarried": "Not established here", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "HER OWN LETTER asking for release, 18 June 1851, in the Brigham Young papers. Nothing else. | Brigham Young papers; Johnson p. 63", "description": "Sealed to Brigham while apparently continuing to live with her non-Mormon first husband, who later left her. Her exit is one of the few in Brigham's own words, because she put it in writing from Kanesville, Iowa, on 18 June 1851: 'I wish you to release me from all engagements with you for time and eternity....' The request was granted. During the 1846 exodus she was one of four plural wives hiding out in Nathaniel Ashby's Nauvoo home.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 17 and p. 65; Compton, JMH 25:2; Turner p. 193", "slug": "mary-ann-clark", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "separated", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "unknown", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "HER OWN LETTER asking for release, 18 June 1851, in the Brigham Young papers. Nothing else.", "records_cite": "Brigham Young papers; Johnson p. 63", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 9999, "married_year": 1845, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1845, "sort": [ 1845, 1, 15 ], "text": "15 Jan 1845", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Divorce or separation", "year": 1851, "sort": [ 1851, 6, 18 ], "text": "18 June 1851 (request granted)", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/mary-ann-clark/" }, { "n": 18, "name": "Margaret Pierce", "born": 1823, "died": 1907, "died_date": "16 Jan 1907", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "16 Jan 1845", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 22, "his_age": 44, "age_gap": 22, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) Morris Whitesides", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "To first husband for eternity, to BY for time", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 1, "lived_with": "Yes - household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Sister of Mary Pierce (#19); her PARENTS were later adopted as BY's children", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "AUTOBIOGRAPHY in her own hand, plus a published reminiscence. | 'Autobiography of Margarette P. W. Young,' n.d., holograph; 'One of the Pioneers,' Young Women's Journal 15 (1 Apr 1904): 162-66", "description": "One of the most poignant timings in the whole list: she had been married to Morris Whitesides for SIX MONTHS when she was sealed to Brigham in January 1845 - and her first husband died of consumption ONE MONTH LATER. She was sealed to Whitesides for eternity and to Brigham for time, so she kept her dying husband forever and got an earthly protector at the same moment. She outlived Brigham by thirty years and died in 1907 as one of his last surviving widows. In an inversion that shows how fluid these categories were, Brigham later ritually ADOPTED her parents Robert and Hannah Pierce as his own children - making his parents-in-law his spiritual offspring.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 18; Turner pp. 136, 140", "slug": "margaret-pierce", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "eternity-to-another", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "AUTOBIOGRAPHY in her own hand, plus a published reminiscence.", "records_cite": "'Autobiography of Margarette P. W. Young,' n.d., holograph; 'One of the Pioneers,' Young Women's Journal 15 (1 Apr 1904): 162-66", "children_n": 1, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1907, "married_year": 1845, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1845, "sort": [ 1845, 1, 16 ], "text": "16 Jan 1845", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1907, "sort": [ 1907, 1, 16 ], "text": "16 Jan 1907", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/margaret-pierce/" }, { "n": 19, "name": "Mary Harvey Pierce", "born": 1821, "died": 1847, "died_date": "16 March 1847", "died_place": "Winter Quarters, Nebraska", "married": "16 Jan 1845", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 24, "his_age": 44, "age_gap": 20, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Unknown", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Sister of Margaret Pierce (#18)", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "n/a - died 1847", "remarried": "No - died 1847", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Her death is recorded in ELIZA R. SNOW's diary. | Eliza R. Snow, Diary, 16 March 1847; Journal History, 17 March 1847", "description": "Married on the SAME DAY as her sister Margaret - Brigham's diary records a visit to Robert Pierce's home on 16 January 1845 and several scholars date both sealings to that day. She died in March 1847 during the Winter Quarters period; Eliza R. Snow's diary records her death on 16 March and the Journal History the next day. Her parents were afterwards adopted as Brigham's ritual children.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 19; Turner n. 57", "slug": "mary-harvey-pierce", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "unknown", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "died-early", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Her death is recorded in ELIZA R. SNOW's diary.", "records_cite": "Eliza R. Snow, Diary, 16 March 1847; Journal History, 17 March 1847", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1847, "married_year": 1845, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1845, "sort": [ 1845, 1, 16 ], "text": "16 Jan 1845", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1847, "sort": [ 1847, 3, 16 ], "text": "16 March 1847", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/mary-harvey-pierce/" }, { "n": 20, "name": "Emmeline Free", "born": 1826, "died": 1875, "died_date": "c. 17 July 1875", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "30 Apr 1845", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 19, "his_age": 44, "age_gap": 25, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 10, "lived_with": "Yes - and reportedly his favourite for years", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "n/a - died 1875, two years before him", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Sister of Louisa Free", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No - died 1875", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own, despite bearing ten of his children. Death record and obituary only. | Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 19 July 1875", "description": "THE LOYALTY TRANSACTION. In spring 1845 John D. Lee planned to marry the two Free sisters, Louisa and Emmeline. In Lee's own words: 'One day, Brigham Young saw Emeline and fell in love with her.' George D. Grant testified at an 1847 council that 'Brigham told him if he would give up Emeline to him he would uphold him in time and in eternity & he never should fall, but that he would sit at his right hand in his kingdom.' Brigham got Emmeline - not yet twenty, dark-haired, pretty. Lee got only Louisa, showed no resentment, and six weeks later let Brigham adopt him as a son. Emmeline went on to bear Brigham TEN children, more than any other wife, and was widely regarded as his favourite until Amelia Folsom displaced her.", "source": "Turner pp. 135-36; Johnson Table 1 n. 20; RSC BY Chronology (30 Apr 1845)", "slug": "emmeline-free", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "unknown", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own, despite bearing ten of his children. Death record and obituary only.", "records_cite": "Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 19 July 1875", "children_n": 10, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1875, "married_year": 1845, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1845, "sort": [ 1845, 4, 30 ], "text": "30 Apr 1845", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1875, "sort": [ 1875, 7, 0 ], "text": "c. 17 July 1875", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/emmeline-free/" }, { "n": 21, "name": "Mary Elizabeth Rollins", "born": 1818, "died": 1913, "died_date": 1913, "died_place": "Minersville, Utah", "married": "22 May 1845", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "her_age": 27, "his_age": 44, "age_gap": 17, "phase": "Post-martyrdom, pre-temple", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) Adam Lightner (2) Joseph Smith", "js_widow": "Yes", "sealing_type": "Eternity only (to Joseph); BY for time on paper", "sexual": "Unlikely", "children": 0, "lived_with": "NO - never lived with him, never known as his wife", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No - stayed with Adam Lightner throughout", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND DIARY, held at BYU, plus a published article and a 1905 public address naming Joseph Smith's wives. | Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner, Autobiography and diary, n.d., BYU Special Collections; Carter, Our Pioneer Heritage 5 (1962): 305-24", "description": "THE CLEAREST CASE THAT 'WIFE' MEANT SOMETHING OTHER THAN MARRIAGE. Sealed to Joseph Smith in February 1842 while married to Adam Lightner, a non-Mormon who never joined. When the sealing was confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Brigham stood proxy for Joseph and was then sealed to her for time, as the custom required. Nothing about her life changed. She stayed with Adam Lightner, bore him TEN children, came to Utah with him in 1863, and both died in Minersville. Johnson: 'She was never known as a wife of Brigham Young.' In 1905 at BYU she spoke publicly about her marriage to Joseph and named his other wives.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 21 and p. 66; Turner p. 134", "slug": "mary-elizabeth-rollins", "era": "Nauvoo, after the martyrdom", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "yes", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "eternity-only", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND DIARY, held at BYU, plus a published article and a 1905 public address naming Joseph Smith's wives.", "records_cite": "Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner, Autobiography and diary, n.d., BYU Special Collections; Carter, Our Pioneer Heritage 5 (1962): 305-24", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1913, "married_year": 1845, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1845, "sort": [ 1845, 5, 22 ], "text": "22 May 1845", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Temple sealing confirmed", "year": null, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 1 ], "text": "Confirmed in the Nauvoo temple, Jan-Feb 1846. Documented, but Johnson gives no date", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1913, "sort": [ 1913, 0, 0 ], "text": "1913", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/mary-elizabeth-rollins/" }, { "n": 22, "name": "Margaret Alley", "born": 1825, "died": 1852, "died_date": "c. 6 Nov 1852", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "14 Jan 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 21, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 24, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 2, "lived_with": "Yes - household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No - died 1852", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. Ordinance record and one Historian's Office entry. | Historian's Office Journal, 6 Nov 1852", "description": "ONE OF ONLY TWO. Johnson is explicit about the Nauvoo temple wave: 'Of this group, only two, Margaret Alley and Zina Huntington, bore him children.' Nineteen sealings in five weeks and two reproductive marriages. Margaret bore him two sons and died young, in 1852, at about 27. CORRECTION LOGGED: an earlier draft of this file called her the only one - that was wrong, and Zina Huntington (#33) is the other.", "source": "Johnson p. 61 ('only two, Margaret Alley and Zina Huntington') and Table 1 n. 22; Turner p. 134", "slug": "margaret-alley", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. Ordinance record and one Historian's Office entry.", "records_cite": "Historian's Office Journal, 6 Nov 1852", "children_n": 2, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1852, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 14 ], "text": "14 Jan 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1852, "sort": [ 1852, 11, 0 ], "text": "c. 6 Nov 1852", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/margaret-alley/" }, { "n": 23, "name": "Olive Andrews", "born": 1818, "died": "?", "died_date": "Not established here", "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "15 Jan 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 28, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 17, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(1) Joseph Smith", "js_widow": "Yes", "sealing_type": "To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Unknown", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Unknown - no death year recorded", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "Not established here", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. She exists in the ordinance registers and almost nowhere else. | 'Nauvoo Proxy Sealings, 1846,' p. 7, GS", "description": "A widow of Joseph Smith sealed to him for eternity with Brigham standing proxy, then to Brigham for time - the standard two-step of that fortnight. The Nauvoo temple register records her under 'Smith, Olive Andrews (for time).' Beyond the ordinance record, very little survives about her.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 23; Brown, Nauvoo Sealings (register cross-ref)", "slug": "olive-andrews", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "yes", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "unknown", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "eternity-to-another", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "unknown", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. She exists in the ordinance registers and almost nowhere else.", "records_cite": "'Nauvoo Proxy Sealings, 1846,' p. 7, GS", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 9999, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 15 ], "text": "15 Jan 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/olive-andrews/" }, { "n": 24, "name": "Emily Haws", "born": 1823, "died": "?", "died_date": "Not established here", "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "15 Jan 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 23, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 22, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) William Whitmarsh", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "For time only", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No - presumed stayed with Whitmarsh", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Unknown - no death year recorded", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "No - apparently stayed with Whitmarsh", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. A property transaction a month after the sealing is the clearest trace of her. | Turner p. 136", "description": "A case Turner uses to show that a temple sealing often changed NOTHING on the ground. She was legally married to William Whitmarsh when she was sealed to Brigham in mid-January 1846 - and in mid-FEBRUARY, a month later, she completed a property transaction as Whitmarsh's wife. She presumably stayed with him. The sealing and the marriage simply ran on separate tracks.", "source": "Turner p. 136; Johnson Table 1 n. 24", "slug": "emily-haws", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "time-only", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "unknown", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. A property transaction a month after the sealing is the clearest trace of her.", "records_cite": "Turner p. 136", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 9999, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 15 ], "text": "15 Jan 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/emily-haws/" }, { "n": 25, "name": "Martha Bowker", "born": 1822, "died": 1890, "died_date": "c. 26 Sept 1890", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "21 Jan 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 24, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 21, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Yes - household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. Ward record and obituary. | Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 26 Sept 1890", "description": "Came west, lived in Brigham's household, died childless in 1890 at 68. Recorded in the Nauvoo temple register as sealed to him on 21 January 1846, the same day as sixteen-year-old Ellen Rockwood. One of the substantial number of wives who lived a long life inside the family and left almost no personal record.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 25; Brown, Nauvoo Sealings", "slug": "martha-bowker", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. Ward record and obituary.", "records_cite": "Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 26 Sept 1890", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1890, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 21 ], "text": "21 Jan 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1890, "sort": [ 1890, 9, 0 ], "text": "c. 26 Sept 1890", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/martha-bowker/" }, { "n": 26, "name": "Ellen Rockwood", "born": 1829, "died": 1866, "died_date": 1866, "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "21 Jan 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 17, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 28, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Yes - household (Rhoda Richards visited her there)", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Daughter of Albert Perry Rockwood, whom BY adopted as a son four days later", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No - died 1866", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known - which is striking, given she was sixteen and lived in the household. | 'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 577, GS", "description": "SIXTEEN YEARS OLD - the youngest of the entire Nauvoo temple wave, and the youngest wife Turner names. On 16 December 1845 Brigham personally brought her through the veil into the celestial room along with Augusta Adams and Eliza R. Snow; all three left Nauvoo as his wives. Four days after her sealing, her father Albert Rockwood was ritually adopted as Brigham's SON - which made the bride's father his brother-in-law's... son. The categories simply stopped resolving.", "source": "Turner pp. 132, 134, 139; Johnson Table 1", "slug": "ellen-rockwood", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known - which is striking, given she was sixteen and lived in the household.", "records_cite": "'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 577, GS", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1866, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 21 ], "text": "21 Jan 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1866, "sort": [ 1866, 0, 0 ], "text": "1866", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/ellen-rockwood/" }, { "n": 27, "name": "Jemima Angell", "born": 1803, "died": 1869, "died_date": 1869, "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "28 Jan 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 43, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 2, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) Valentine Young per Johnson / Stringham per Turner", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Unlikely", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Unknown", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "SISTER of first wife Mary Ann Angell (#2)", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Written about her only", "records": "A BIOGRAPHICAL TYPESCRIPT about her by descendants. | McCandless and Frantz, 'History of Jemima Angell Young,' n.d., typescript", "description": "His FIRST WIFE'S SISTER. Widowed by her first husband and no longer living with her second, she was sealed to Brigham on the same day as his two mothers-in-law. Turner reads these as sealings that gave women whose earlier marriages had brought 'bitter disappointment' the chance to choose an earthly protector and an eternal husband. SOURCES DISAGREE on her prior husband's name: Johnson says Valentine Young, Turner's endnote 56 says Stringham.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 134 and n. 56. PRIOR HUSBAND CONTESTED", "slug": "jemima-angell", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "unknown", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "about-her", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "A BIOGRAPHICAL TYPESCRIPT about her by descendants.", "records_cite": "McCandless and Frantz, 'History of Jemima Angell Young,' n.d., typescript", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1869, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 28 ], "text": "28 Jan 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1869, "sort": [ 1869, 0, 0 ], "text": "1869", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/jemima-angell/" }, { "n": 28, "name": "Abigail Marks (Works)", "born": 1781, "died": 1846, "died_date": 1846, "died_place": "probably on the trail west - not established", "married": "28 Jan 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 65, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": -20, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(1) Asa Works", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Unlikely - almost certainly not", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "MOTHER of his dead first wife Miriam Works (#1)", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "n/a - died 1846", "remarried": "No - died 1846", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Johnson cites a family group sheet. | Family group sheet of Asa Works and Abigail Marks, GS", "description": "HIS MOTHER-IN-LAW. The widowed mother of Miriam Works, Brigham's first wife, who had died fourteen years earlier. She was 64 or 65. Turner is explicit that marriages like this one were 'likely not sexual' - they were a way of extending the protection and the eternal standing of his kingdom to an elderly widow with no one else. She died the same year, 1846, probably on the trail.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 134 and n. 52", "slug": "abigail-marks-works", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "died-early", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Johnson cites a family group sheet.", "records_cite": "Family group sheet of Asa Works and Abigail Marks, GS", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1846, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Died", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 0, 0 ], "text": "1846", "note": "" }, { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 28 ], "text": "28 Jan 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/abigail-marks-works/" }, { "n": 29, "name": "Phebe Morton", "born": 1776, "died": 1854, "died_date": "16 Nov 1854", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "28 Jan 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 70, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": -25, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) James W. Angell", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Unlikely - almost certainly not", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "MOTHER of first wife Mary Ann Angell (#2)", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. She appears in her SON Truman Angell's autobiography, and in a 1910 newspaper story about identifying her remains. | Truman O. Angell, Autobiography, holograph; 'Bones Identified as Mother Angell's,' Salt Lake Tribune, 26 April 1910", "description": "HIS OTHER MOTHER-IN-LAW, and at 69 or 70 the OLDEST woman he ever married - this is the '66' in Turner's line that his wives ranged in age 'from sixteen to sixty-six' (she was older still by Johnson's birth year of 1776). Long estranged from her husband James Angell, who was still living. Sealed on the same day as Abigail Marks and as her own daughter's sister Jemima. Three women from the two families he had married into, all sealed to him in a single afternoon.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 134 and n. 56", "slug": "phebe-morton", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. She appears in her SON Truman Angell's autobiography, and in a 1910 newspaper story about identifying her remains.", "records_cite": "Truman O. Angell, Autobiography, holograph; 'Bones Identified as Mother Angell's,' Salt Lake Tribune, 26 April 1910", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1854, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 28 ], "text": "28 Jan 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1854, "sort": [ 1854, 11, 16 ], "text": "16 Nov 1854", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/phebe-morton/" }, { "n": 30, "name": "Cynthia Porter", "born": 1783, "died": "?", "died_date": "Not established here", "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "28 Jan 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 63, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": -18, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "Unknown - prior husband's status not established", "other_husbands": "(1) Mr. Weston", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Unlikely", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Unknown", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Unknown - no death year recorded", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "Not established here", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. One line in the sealing register is the whole record. | 'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 577, GS", "description": "Sixty-two or sixty-three years old, with a living or former husband named Weston. Sealed in the same 28 January batch as the two mothers-in-law - a day that looks less like marriage than like a welfare and kinship operation conducted at speed. Almost nothing else is recorded about her; Johnson could not establish her death date.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Brown, Nauvoo Sealings (register cross-ref)", "slug": "cynthia-porter", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "unknown", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "unknown", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "unknown", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. One line in the sealing register is the whole record.", "records_cite": "'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 577, GS", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 9999, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 28 ], "text": "28 Jan 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/cynthia-porter/" }, { "n": 31, "name": "Mary Eliza Nelson", "born": 1812, "died": 1885, "died_date": "c. 29 Dec 1885", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "31 Jan 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 34, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 11, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(1) John P. Greene (3) Bruce I. Philips", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "To first husband for eternity, to BY for time", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No", "divorce": "Left BY; sealed to Bruce Israel Philips 17 Sept 1850", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "17 Sept 1850 (date of her next sealing)", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented) - remarried in the church", "remarried": "YES - 17 Sept 1850, while Brigham was alive; sealed by Parley P. Pratt", "later_husbands": "Bruce Israel Philips", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Ordinance records and an obituary. | Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 29 Dec 1885", "description": "Widow of John P. Greene, the Nauvoo marshal (and the man whose household first received a Book of Mormon that reached the Young family). Sealed to Greene for eternity and to Brigham for this life only. She left Brigham during the emigration and was sealed to Bruce Israel Philips by Parley P. Pratt in Salt Lake City in September 1850 - a departure conducted entirely inside the church, with an apostle officiating.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 and p. 65; Turner p. 193", "slug": "mary-eliza-nelson", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "eternity-to-another", "divorce": "separated", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "yes", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Ordinance records and an obituary.", "records_cite": "Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 29 Dec 1885", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1885, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 31 ], "text": "31 Jan 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Divorce or separation", "year": 1850, "sort": [ 1850, 9, 17 ], "text": "17 Sept 1850 (date of her next sealing)", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1885, "sort": [ 1885, 12, 0 ], "text": "c. 29 Dec 1885", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/mary-eliza-nelson/" }, { "n": 32, "name": "Rhoda Richards", "born": 1784, "died": 1879, "died_date": "17 Jan 1879", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "31 Jan 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 62, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": -17, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(1) Joseph Smith", "js_widow": "Yes", "sealing_type": "To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time", "sexual": "Unlikely - never a marital household", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No - lived independently, visited the Lion House", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Sister of Apostle Willard Richards; BY's first cousin", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "DIARIES kept into her nineties, plus a published sketch in Tullidge and a chapter in Compton. | Tullidge, Women of Mormondom (1877), pp. 421-22; Compton ch. 25; Sunstone 111", "description": "SIXTY-ONE at the sealing, and she left one of the most quoted explanations any plural wife ever gave: 'In my young days I buried my first and only love, and true to that affiance, I have passed companionless through life: but am sure of having my proper place and standing in the resurrection, having been sealed to the prophet Joseph, according to the celestial law.' She had been sealed to Joseph in 1843 at 59. Sister of Apostle Willard Richards and Brigham's own first cousin. She kept diaries into her nineties, recording visits to Lucy Decker, Zina and Ellen Rockwood at the Lion House - a wife who moved through the household as a relative rather than a spouse.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Compton ch. 25; Sunstone 111", "slug": "rhoda-richards", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "yes", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "eternity-to-another", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "DIARIES kept into her nineties, plus a published sketch in Tullidge and a chapter in Compton.", "records_cite": "Tullidge, Women of Mormondom (1877), pp. 421-22; Compton ch. 25; Sunstone 111", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1879, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 1, 31 ], "text": "31 Jan 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1879, "sort": [ 1879, 1, 17 ], "text": "17 Jan 1879", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/rhoda-richards/" }, { "n": 33, "name": "Zina Diantha Huntington", "born": 1821, "died": 1901, "died_date": "27 Aug 1901", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "2 Feb 1846 (Turner: possibly spring 1845)", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 25, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 20, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56) - the central case", "other_husbands": "(1) Henry B. Jacobs (2) Joseph Smith", "js_widow": "Yes", "sealing_type": "To Joseph for eternity, to BY for time", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 1, "lived_with": "Yes - from 1846 onward", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Sister of Presendia Huntington Kimball", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented) - became Relief Society general president", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "DIARIES, and a full scholarly biography of three generations of Zinas. | Bradley & Woodward, Four Zinas (Signature, 2000) and JMH 20:1; Compton ch. 4", "description": "THE CASE THAT WILL NOT RESOLVE. Married Henry Jacobs in March 1841; accepted Joseph Smith's proposal seven months later and KEPT LIVING WITH HENRY, bearing him a son two months after the sealing. On 2 February 1846, SEVEN MONTHS PREGNANT with Henry's second child, she stood in the temple and was sealed to the dead Joseph for eternity with Brigham as proxy, then to Brigham for time - WITH HENRY IN THE ROOM AS A WITNESS. The clerk wrote: 'Henry B. Jacobs expressed his willingness that it should be so.' Thirty minutes later Henry witnessed a SECOND Brigham sealing, to Augusta Cobb. She gave birth on the Iowa trail in the rain that March. On 22 May 1846 at Mount Pisgah, Henry was sent on a mission to England so ill he had to be carried to the wagon in a blanket; his letters home said 'I dream of you often' and closed with 'give my best respects to Brother Brigham an[d] family.' Zina became the THIRD general president of the Relief Society. DATE DISPUTE, AND IT IS THE HINGE OF THIS WHOLE FILE: Turner puts a FIRST sealing in spring 1845, which makes the February 1846 ceremony a confirmation rather than a new marriage; Compton and Johnson work from the 2 February 1846 temple record. THIS ONE ROW EXPLAINS BOTH OF TURNER'S DISAGREEMENTS WITH JOHNSON. Turner counts 'an additional eighteen women' sealed in the temple (p. 134) where Johnson counts nineteen - the difference is Zina, whom Turner has already counted in 1845. And Turner says only Margaret Alley bore him children among the women sealed to him for the first time in the temple, where Johnson says 'only two, Margaret Alley and Zina Huntington' - the difference is Zina again. Both historians are internally consistent; they are counting Zina in different years.", "source": "Turner pp. 134, 136-37; Compton ch. 4; Johnson pp. 61, 63 and Table 1; Bradley & Woodward, JMH 20:1", "slug": "zina-diantha-huntington", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "yes", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "eternity-to-another", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "DIARIES, and a full scholarly biography of three generations of Zinas.", "records_cite": "Bradley & Woodward, Four Zinas (Signature, 2000) and JMH 20:1; Compton ch. 4", "children_n": 1, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1901, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 2, 2 ], "text": "2 Feb 1846 (Turner: possibly spring 1845)", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1901, "sort": [ 1901, 8, 27 ], "text": "27 Aug 1901", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/zina-diantha-huntington/" }, { "n": 34, "name": "Amy Cecilia Cooper", "born": 1804, "died": "?", "died_date": "Not established here", "died_place": "last known in Northbridge, Massachusetts, Dec 1847", "married": "3 Feb 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 42, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 3, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "Aldrich (per Turner); Johnson: 'not known'", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No - returned to Massachusetts", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Unknown - no death year recorded", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented) - Augusta Cobb wrote her a blessing in 1847", "remarried": "Not established here", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "No writings of her own, but she is the RECIPIENT of Augusta Cobb's 1847 blessing letter. | O'Donovan, JMH 38:2, p. 11", "description": "Sealed as Brigham's thirty-fourth wife and then went HOME. By December 1847 she was back in Northbridge, Massachusetts, and Augusta Adams Cobb wrote to her there - a remarkable letter in which Augusta pronounces a blessing on her and then SEALS IT: 'This blessing dear sister I seal upon your head in the name of Jesus C by virtue of the priesthood vested in me amen.' A plural wife claiming priesthood authority in writing, to another plural wife, in 1847. SOURCES DISAGREE on whether she had a living husband: Turner's n. 56 lists her as Amy Cooper (Aldrich); Johnson's table says 'not known.'", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 34; Turner n. 56; O'Donovan, JMH 38:2 p. 11", "slug": "amy-cecilia-cooper", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "unknown", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "No writings of her own, but she is the RECIPIENT of Augusta Cobb's 1847 blessing letter.", "records_cite": "O'Donovan, JMH 38:2, p. 11", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 9999, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 2, 3 ], "text": "3 Feb 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/amy-cecilia-cooper/" }, { "n": 35, "name": "Mary Ellen de la Montague", "born": 1803, "died": "?", "died_date": "Not established here", "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "3 Feb 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 43, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 2, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) James B. Woodward", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No", "divorce": "FIRST DOCUMENTED DIVORCE - 13 Dec 1846", "adoption_date": "1 Feb 1846 - DERIVED, not stated: Turner p. 140 says she married him 'two days after' becoming his adopted daughter, and the marriage is 3 Feb", "divorce_date": "13 Dec 1846", "will": "-", "adopted": "YES - adopted as his daughter 2 days before the marriage", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Unknown - no death year recorded", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "No - returned to James Woodward", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "HER OWN LETTERS to Brigham - the 'release from worse than death' plea and the Feb 1847 letter. | Turner pp. 132, 140; Johnson p. 64", "description": "THE COLD OPEN OF THE WHOLE STORY, AND THE ONLY WOMAN IN THE LIST WHO WAS HIS ADOPTED DAUGHTER FIRST. On 17 January 1846 she was the lone passenger in Brigham's new omnibus carriage when the horses went through a Nauvoo bridge; she ran to his house, he got out of bed, hauled the horses out one at a time and washed them with whiskey to stop them stiffening. She had earlier written him that her husband James 'abused' her and begged for 'release from worse than death.' In early February James had them BOTH sealed to Brigham as adopted CHILDREN - Turner suspects to stop her leaving. Two days after becoming his ritual daughter she married her adoptive father. It did not last: on 13 December 1846 Brigham wrote her the FIRST DOCUMENTED DIVORCE of any of his marriages - 'you may consider yourself discharged from me and my counsel' - adding that he would gladly help if she and her children were ever hungry. JOHNSON TELLS IT DIFFERENTLY: she had applied to the Nauvoo High Council in about 1844 for a divorce from James on grounds of physical cruelty to her and their three children; after she was sealed to Brigham, James persuaded her to come BACK to him, and Brigham granted the divorce AT HER REQUEST. Her letter of 25 February 1847 - two months after the discharge - asks Brigham: 'If I do all I can and after this he treats me bad, will you let me leave him and live with my children?'", "source": "Turner pp. 132, 140 and n. 64; Johnson pp. 63, 64 and Table 1 n. 35. TURNER AND JOHNSON READ THE DIVORCE DIFFERENTLY - both recorded above", "slug": "mary-ellen-de-la-montague", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "yes", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "separated", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "unknown", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "HER OWN LETTERS to Brigham - the 'release from worse than death' plea and the Feb 1847 letter.", "records_cite": "Turner pp. 132, 140; Johnson p. 64", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 9999, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Adopted as his daughter", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 2, 1 ], "text": "1 Feb 1846 - DERIVED, not stated: Turner p. 140 says she married him 'two days after' becoming his adopted daughter, and the marriage is 3 Feb", "note": "" }, { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 2, 3 ], "text": "3 Feb 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Divorce or separation", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 12, 13 ], "text": "13 Dec 1846", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/mary-ellen-de-la-montague/" }, { "n": 36, "name": "Julia Foster", "born": 1811, "died": 1891, "died_date": "c. 17 Jan 1891", "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "3 Feb 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 35, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 10, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(1) Jonathan Hampton (3) Thomas Cole", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "To Hampton for eternity, to BY for time", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No - later married Thomas Cole", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "YES - timing not established", "later_husbands": "Thomas Cole", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Johnson cites her SON Brigham Young Hampton's diary. | Brigham Young Hampton, Diary, holograph; Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 17 Jan 1891", "description": "A full-circle case. Brigham CONVERTED her back in 1833, then MARRIED HER OFF to Jonathan Hampton - and now, thirteen years later, stood proxy for her eternal sealing to Hampton and became her husband 'for time' himself. He had been the officiant at both ends of her life. She later married Thomas Cole. Her son Brigham Young Hampton was named for him.", "source": "Turner p. 134; Johnson Table 1 n. 36", "slug": "julia-foster", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "eternity-to-another", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "yes", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Johnson cites her SON Brigham Young Hampton's diary.", "records_cite": "Brigham Young Hampton, Diary, holograph; Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 17 Jan 1891", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1891, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 2, 3 ], "text": "3 Feb 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1891, "sort": [ 1891, 1, 0 ], "text": "c. 17 Jan 1891", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/julia-foster/" }, { "n": 37, "name": "Abigail Harback", "born": 1790, "died": 1849, "died_date": 1849, "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "3 Feb 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 56, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": -11, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "Unknown - prior husband's status not established", "other_husbands": "(1) Mr. Hall", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Unlikely", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Unknown", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "n/a - died 1849", "remarried": "Not established here", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. One line in the register. | 'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 577, GS", "description": "Fifty-five or fifty-six at the sealing, with a prior husband named Hall. She died in 1849, during or just after the migration. Like several women in the 3 February batch, she appears in the Nauvoo temple ordinance register and essentially nowhere else.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 37 (source: 'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 577)", "slug": "abigail-harback", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "unknown", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "unknown", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "died-early", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. One line in the register.", "records_cite": "'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 577, GS", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1849, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 2, 3 ], "text": "3 Feb 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1849, "sort": [ 1849, 0, 0 ], "text": "1849", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/abigail-harback/" }, { "n": 38, "name": "Mary Ann Turley", "born": 1827, "died": 1904, "died_date": 1904, "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "3 Feb 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 19, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 26, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "No - John Cook was a LATER husband", "other_husbands": "(2) John Cook", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No - never part of the household", "divorce": "Divorced; certificate 15 Jan 1851", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "15 Jan 1851", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Daughter of Theodore Turley, a Nauvoo polygamist", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remarried (Johnson p. 63); NOT among the three he names as remaining in Utah - church status undocumented", "remarried": "YES - after her 1851 divorce, while Brigham was alive", "later_husbands": "John Cook", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Kimball's journal and a divorce certificate. | Heber C. Kimball, Journal, 20 Dec 1845; Divorce certificate, 15 Jan 1851", "description": "Eighteen or nineteen at the sealing. Heber Kimball's journal records her on 20 December 1845, six weeks before the temple ceremony, suggesting an earlier arrangement. She divorced Brigham in January 1851 - one of the first formal divorces after the church began recording them - and later married John Cook. Johnson groups her with the young women 'under twenty when they married Brigham Young' who did not stay.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 38 and p. 65; Turner p. 193", "slug": "mary-ann-turley", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "separated", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "yes", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Kimball's journal and a divorce certificate.", "records_cite": "Heber C. Kimball, Journal, 20 Dec 1845; Divorce certificate, 15 Jan 1851", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1904, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 2, 3 ], "text": "3 Feb 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Divorce or separation", "year": 1851, "sort": [ 1851, 1, 15 ], "text": "15 Jan 1851", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1904, "sort": [ 1904, 0, 0 ], "text": "1904", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/mary-ann-turley/" }, { "n": 39, "name": "Naamah Kendel Jenkins Carter", "born": 1821, "died": 1909, "died_date": 1909, "died_place": "Utah", "married": "6 Feb 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 25, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": 20, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "Unknown - prior husband's status not established", "other_husbands": "(1) John S. Twiss", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Yes - household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own, though she is quoted complaining of having to 'sleep in a waggeon.' | Turner p. 157; Obituary, Deseret Evening News", "description": "Sealed in the last days of temple work, 6 February 1846 - two days before the veil and altar came down and the records were packed for the journey. She lived a long life in Utah, dying in 1909 at 88. The Nauvoo register carries her at pages 533-34 and 581, an unusually full entry for a wife of this cohort.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 39", "slug": "naamah-kendel-jenkins-carter", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "unknown", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own, though she is quoted complaining of having to 'sleep in a waggeon.'", "records_cite": "Turner p. 157; Obituary, Deseret Evening News", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1909, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 2, 6 ], "text": "6 Feb 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1909, "sort": [ 1909, 0, 0 ], "text": "1909", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/naamah-kendel-jenkins-carter/" }, { "n": 40, "name": "Nancy Cressy", "born": 1780, "died": 1872, "died_date": 1872, "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "6 Feb 1846", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - the date at left IS the Nauvoo temple sealing", "her_age": 66, "his_age": 45, "age_gap": -21, "phase": "Nauvoo temple (Jan-Feb 1846)", "polyandrous": "Unknown - prior husband's status not established", "other_husbands": "(1) Mr. Walker", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Unlikely - almost certainly not", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Unknown", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "Not established here", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. Register entries only. | 'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 559, GS; 'Index to Nauvoo Endowments,' GS", "description": "BORN IN 1780 - she was SIXTY-FIVE OR SIXTY-SIX at the sealing, and the oldest woman by birth year that Brigham ever married apart from Phebe Morton. She was twenty-one years OLDER than her husband. Sealed on the final working day of the Nauvoo temple. She lived another twenty-six years, dying in 1872. If anyone asks what these last sealings were for, she is the answer: they were not marriages in any sense a modern listener would recognise.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Brown, Nauvoo Sealings (register cross-ref)", "slug": "nancy-cressy", "era": "Nauvoo temple, January-February 1846", "cat": { "polyandrous": "unknown", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "unknown", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. Register entries only.", "records_cite": "'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 559, GS; 'Index to Nauvoo Endowments,' GS", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1872, "married_year": 1846, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1846, "sort": [ 1846, 2, 6 ], "text": "6 Feb 1846", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1872, "sort": [ 1872, 0, 0 ], "text": "1872", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/nancy-cressy/" }, { "n": 41, "name": "Jane Terry", "born": 1819, "died": 1847, "died_date": "Feb 1847, four days after the sealing", "died_place": "Winter Quarters, Nebraska", "married": "10 Feb 1847", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 28, "his_age": 46, "age_gap": 18, "phase": "Crossing the plains", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(1) George Tarbox (2) George W. Young", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Unknown", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Previously married to a George W. Young", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "n/a - died 1847", "remarried": "No - died 1847", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Her story survives inside a RELATIVE's autobiography. | Elizabeth Terry Heward, Autobiography, in Parshall Terry Family History (1956), pp. 66-78", "description": "Married at Winter Quarters in February 1847 and dead within the year. Her second husband had been a George W. Young - not a close relative of Brigham's so far as the record shows, but the name recurs. One of three wives who died before reaching the Salt Lake Valley.", "source": "Johnson Table 1", "slug": "jane-terry", "era": "Crossing the plains", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "unknown", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "died-early", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Her story survives inside a RELATIVE's autobiography.", "records_cite": "Elizabeth Terry Heward, Autobiography, in Parshall Terry Family History (1956), pp. 66-78", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1847, "married_year": 1847, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Died", "year": 1847, "sort": [ 1847, 2, 0 ], "text": "Feb 1847, four days after the sealing", "note": "" }, { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1847, "sort": [ 1847, 2, 10 ], "text": "10 Feb 1847", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/jane-terry/" }, { "n": 42, "name": "Lucy Bigelow", "born": 1830, "died": 1905, "died_date": 1905, "died_place": "St. George or Salt Lake City - not established", "married": "20 Mar 1847", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 17, "his_age": 46, "age_gap": 29, "phase": "Crossing the plains", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 3, "lived_with": "Yes - household; later St. George", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Sister of Mary Jane Bigelow (#43)", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Written about her only", "records": "A BIOGRAPHY written by her daughter Susa Young Gates, plus Susa's own recollections. | Susa Young Gates, 'Lucy Bigelow Young,' n.d., Utah State Historical Society; Gates, 'Recollections,' typescript", "description": "Sixteen or seventeen when she and her SISTER Mary Jane were both sealed to Brigham on the same day at Winter Quarters. The sisters' paths then diverged completely: Lucy bore him three daughters, ran his St. George household in his last years, and stayed to the end; Mary Jane turned back on the trail and divorced him in 1851. Lucy's daughter Susa Young Gates became the family's genealogist and one of the most prominent Mormon women of her generation - and it is Susa's 1920 list that keeps Maria Lawrence in the count.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Quinn App. 6 ('3 ch, in will')", "slug": "lucy-bigelow", "era": "Crossing the plains", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "about-her", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "A BIOGRAPHY written by her daughter Susa Young Gates, plus Susa's own recollections.", "records_cite": "Susa Young Gates, 'Lucy Bigelow Young,' n.d., Utah State Historical Society; Gates, 'Recollections,' typescript", "children_n": 3, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1905, "married_year": 1847, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1847, "sort": [ 1847, 3, 20 ], "text": "20 Mar 1847", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1905, "sort": [ 1905, 0, 0 ], "text": "1905", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/lucy-bigelow/" }, { "n": 43, "name": "Mary Jane Bigelow", "born": 1827, "died": 1868, "died_date": 1868, "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "20 Mar 1847", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 20, "his_age": 46, "age_gap": 26, "phase": "Crossing the plains", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(2) Horace Roberts (3) Philander Bell", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No - turned back on the trail", "divorce": "Divorced 1851", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "1851 - year only", "will": "-", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Sister of Lucy Bigelow (#42)", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Remarried and remained in Utah (Johnson p. 63); church membership not separately documented", "remarried": "YES - twice, after her 1851 divorce, while Brigham was alive", "later_husbands": "Horace Roberts; Philander Bell", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Johnson cites the biography of her SISTER Lucy. | Susa Young Gates, 'Lucy Bigelow Young,' n.d.; Divorce certificate", "description": "Started west with Brigham's company in 1848 and TURNED BACK. Divorced him in 1851, among the first divorces the church formally recorded, and married twice more. Her sister Lucy stayed for life. Two sisters, one ceremony, opposite outcomes - the single cleanest illustration that these marriages were not one thing.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 193; Johnson p. 65", "slug": "mary-jane-bigelow", "era": "Crossing the plains", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "no", "will": "na", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "separated", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "yes", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Johnson cites the biography of her SISTER Lucy.", "records_cite": "Susa Young Gates, 'Lucy Bigelow Young,' n.d.; Divorce certificate", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1868, "married_year": 1847, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1847, "sort": [ 1847, 3, 20 ], "text": "20 Mar 1847", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Divorce or separation", "year": 1851, "sort": [ 1851, 0, 0 ], "text": "1851 - year only", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1868, "sort": [ 1868, 0, 0 ], "text": "1868", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/mary-jane-bigelow/" }, { "n": 44, "name": "Sarah Malin", "born": 1804, "died": 1858, "died_date": 1858, "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "18 Apr 1848", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 44, "his_age": 47, "age_gap": 3, "phase": "Crossing the plains", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Unlikely", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Unknown", "divorce": "Left BY (Johnson p. 62); no certificate recorded", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "No date recorded - Johnson reports only that she left him", "will": "No", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "Not established here", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. Register and a death record. | 'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 783, GS; Salt Lake City death records, p. 22, #863", "description": "Married at Winter Quarters in April 1848, just before the main body went west. Quinn records her with no children and NOT named in Brigham's will - the combination that usually marks a sealing which never became a household relationship. SHE LEFT HIM: Johnson, writing about the plains marriages, says plainly that 'both Sarah and Mary Jane later left him.' Hers is the tenth and least visible of his ten divorces - no certificate, no date, one clause in a sentence about somebody else. Died 1858.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 and p. 62 ('both Sarah and Mary Jane later left him'); Quinn App. 6 ('*Sarah M. Guckin (Malin) 1848 (no ch)')", "slug": "sarah-malin", "era": "Crossing the plains", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "unknown", "will": "no", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "separated", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. Register and a death record.", "records_cite": "'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 783, GS; Salt Lake City death records, p. 22, #863", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1858, "married_year": 1848, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1848, "sort": [ 1848, 4, 18 ], "text": "18 Apr 1848", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1858, "sort": [ 1858, 0, 0 ], "text": "1858", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/sarah-malin/" }, { "n": 45, "name": "Eliza Burgess", "born": 1827, "died": 1915, "died_date": 1915, "died_place": "Salt Lake City (at her son's home)", "married": "3 Oct 1852", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 25, "his_age": 51, "age_gap": 26, "phase": "Utah, 1850s", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 1, "lived_with": "Yes - household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Ward record and an obituary. | 'Eliza B. Young Dies at Son's Home,' Deseret Evening News", "description": "An English convert who had worked as a servant in the Young household before becoming a wife - a pattern that recurs across Mormon polygamy and rarely gets named. She bore him one son and was named in his will. Died in 1915, one of the last of his widows.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Quinn App. 6 ('Eliza Burgess 1852 (1 ch), in will')", "slug": "eliza-burgess", "era": "Utah", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Ward record and an obituary.", "records_cite": "'Eliza B. Young Dies at Son's Home,' Deseret Evening News", "children_n": 1, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1915, "married_year": 1852, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1852, "sort": [ 1852, 10, 3 ], "text": "3 Oct 1852", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1915, "sort": [ 1915, 0, 0 ], "text": "1915", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/eliza-burgess/" }, { "n": 46, "name": "Mary Oldfield", "born": 1793, "died": 1875, "died_date": 1875, "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "16 Dec 1852", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 59, "his_age": 51, "age_gap": -8, "phase": "Utah, 1850s", "polyandrous": "Unknown - prior husband's status not established", "other_husbands": "(1) Eli Kelsey", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Unlikely", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "No", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "No - stayed with Eli Kelsey", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. Endowment House records only. | 'Pre-Endowment House and Endowment House Sealings,' Book A #953, Book D p. 93", "description": "Fifty-nine at the sealing, with a living husband, Eli Kelsey. No children, not in the will, no household. Quinn marks her with the asterisk he uses for sealings that did not become marriages. The Endowment House records are essentially the only trace.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 46; Quinn App. 6 ('*Mary Oldfield (Kelsey) 1852 (no ch)')", "slug": "mary-oldfield", "era": "Utah", "cat": { "polyandrous": "unknown", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "no", "will": "no", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. Endowment House records only.", "records_cite": "'Pre-Endowment House and Endowment House Sealings,' Book A #953, Book D p. 93", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1875, "married_year": 1852, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1852, "sort": [ 1852, 12, 16 ], "text": "16 Dec 1852", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1875, "sort": [ 1875, 0, 0 ], "text": "1875", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/mary-oldfield/" }, { "n": 47, "name": "Eliza Babcock", "born": 1828, "died": 1868, "died_date": 1868, "died_place": "Utah (Johnson: she 'remained in Utah')", "married": "before 1853", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 25, "his_age": 52, "age_gap": 27, "phase": "Utah, 1850s", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(2) Dominicus Carter (3) John Groves", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Not documented here", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No", "divorce": "Divorced; certificate 4 Sept 1853", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "4 Sept 1853", "will": "No", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Remarried and remained in Utah (Johnson p. 63); church membership not separately documented", "remarried": "YES - twice, after her 1853 divorce, while Brigham was alive", "later_husbands": "Dominicus Carter; John Groves", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. An endowment register entry and a divorce certificate. | Nauvoo Temple Endowment Register, 10 Jan 1846; Divorce certificate, 4 Sept 1853", "description": "Endowed in the Nauvoo temple on 10 January 1846 as a teenager, sealed to Brigham at some point before 1853, and divorced in September 1853. She married twice more. Johnson counts her among the women who 'were under twenty when they married Brigham Young' and did not stay.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 47 and p. 65; Turner p. 193", "slug": "eliza-babcock", "era": "Utah", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "undocumented", "lived_with": "no", "will": "no", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "separated", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "yes", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. An endowment register entry and a divorce certificate.", "records_cite": "Nauvoo Temple Endowment Register, 10 Jan 1846; Divorce certificate, 4 Sept 1853", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1868, "married_year": 1853, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1853, "sort": [ 1853, 0, 0 ], "text": "before 1853", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Divorce or separation", "year": 1853, "sort": [ 1853, 9, 4 ], "text": "4 Sept 1853", "note": "" }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1868, "sort": [ 1868, 0, 0 ], "text": "1868", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/eliza-babcock/" }, { "n": 48, "name": "Catherine Reese", "born": 1804, "died": 1860, "died_date": 1860, "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "10 June 1855", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 51, "his_age": 54, "age_gap": 3, "phase": "Utah, 1850s", "polyandrous": "Unknown - prior husband's status not established", "other_husbands": "(1) Zepheniah Clawson", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Unlikely", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "No", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "No - died before him", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known. Register and a family group sheet. | 'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 49, GS; family group sheet, GS", "description": "Fifty-one at the sealing, with a prior husband, Zepheniah Clawson. No children, not in the will. Quinn's asterisk again. Her name also appears in the Nauvoo register, so her connection to the family predated the sealing by a decade.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 48; Quinn App. 6 ('*Catherine Reese (Clawson, Egan) 1855 (no ch)')", "slug": "catherine-reese", "era": "Utah", "cat": { "polyandrous": "unknown", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "no", "will": "no", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "no", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known. Register and a family group sheet.", "records_cite": "'Nauvoo Sealings and Adoptions,' p. 49, GS; family group sheet, GS", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1860, "married_year": 1855, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1855, "sort": [ 1855, 6, 10 ], "text": "10 June 1855", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1860, "sort": [ 1860, 0, 0 ], "text": "1860", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/catherine-reese/" }, { "n": 49, "name": "Harriet Barney", "born": 1830, "died": 1911, "died_date": "c. 11 Feb 1911", "died_place": "Salt Lake City area", "married": "14 Mar 1856", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 26, "his_age": 55, "age_gap": 29, "phase": "Utah, 1850s", "polyandrous": "Unknown - prior husband's status not established", "other_husbands": "(1) W. H. H. Sagers", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 1, "lived_with": "Yes - household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Obituary, and a county history covering her first husband. | Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 11 Feb 1911; Stout, History of Tooele County (1961), p. 570", "description": "Previously married to W. H. H. Sagers, himself a Nauvoo-era polygamist. She bore Brigham one son and was named in his will. Died 1911, outliving him by more than thirty years.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 49; Quinn App. 6 ('Harriet E. Barney (Sagers) 1856 (1 ch), in will')", "slug": "harriet-barney", "era": "Utah", "cat": { "polyandrous": "unknown", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Obituary, and a county history covering her first husband.", "records_cite": "Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 11 Feb 1911; Stout, History of Tooele County (1961), p. 570", "children_n": 1, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1911, "married_year": 1856, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1856, "sort": [ 1856, 3, 14 ], "text": "14 Mar 1856", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1911, "sort": [ 1911, 2, 0 ], "text": "c. 11 Feb 1911", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/harriet-barney/" }, { "n": 50, "name": "Harriet Amelia Folsom", "born": 1838, "died": 1910, "died_date": "c. 11 Dec 1910", "died_place": "Salt Lake City (Gardo House)", "married": "24 Jan 1863", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 25, "his_age": 62, "age_gap": 37, "phase": "Utah, 1860s", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "-", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Probable", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Yes - her own house, the Gardo House", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Daughter of church architect William Folsom", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Obituaries and Endowment House records; she is written about constantly, including by Ann Eliza Webb. | 'Salt Lake Endowment House Records'; Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 12 Dec 1910", "description": "THE LATE-LIFE FAVOURITE. Twenty-four to his sixty-one - THIRTY-SEVEN YEARS his junior - and he married her in January 1863 in OPEN VIOLATION of the federal Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, weeks after Governor Harding had publicly warned the Mormons to obey it. The marriage surprised Utah; it had been seven years since he had taken a wife, and it angered at least one of the others enough to put it in writing. She was widely called his favourite for the rest of his life, was childless, and had a house built for her. Ann Eliza Webb's later lecture tours made much of her.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 n. 50; Turner p. 325; Quinn App. 6 ('no ch, in will')", "slug": "harriet-amelia-folsom", "era": "Utah", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "probable", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Obituaries and Endowment House records; she is written about constantly, including by Ann Eliza Webb.", "records_cite": "'Salt Lake Endowment House Records'; Obituary, Deseret Evening News, 12 Dec 1910", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1910, "married_year": 1863, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1863, "sort": [ 1863, 1, 24 ], "text": "24 Jan 1863", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1910, "sort": [ 1910, 12, 0 ], "text": "c. 11 Dec 1910", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/harriet-amelia-folsom/" }, { "n": 51, "name": "Mary Van Cott", "born": 1844, "died": 1884, "died_date": 1884, "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "8 Jan 1865", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 21, "his_age": 64, "age_gap": 43, "phase": "Utah, 1860s", "polyandrous": "No - separated from Cobb first", "other_husbands": "(1) James T. Cobb", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Yes - children", "children": 1, "lived_with": "Yes - a home bought for her in Provo", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "Yes", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None known of her own. Endowment House records. | 'Salt Lake Endowment House Records'", "description": "Twenty-three; he was sixty-three. He moved her and her mother into a house he bought in Provo, partly meaning to spend more time there himself. In 1870 she bore him his LAST CHILD - which Turner numbers the FIFTY-EIGHTH (p. 375) while Johnson counts fifty-seven children in total. The disagreement is one child and is unresolved; this table sums to Johnson's 57. She did not rival Amelia Folsom in his affections, but he took her on a tour of southern Utah in 1869.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 and p. 62; Turner p. 375. TOTAL-CHILDREN COUNT CONTESTED: Turner 58, Johnson 57; Quinn App. 6 ('1 ch, in will')", "slug": "mary-van-cott", "era": "Utah", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "children", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "yes", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "none", "children": "yes", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None known of her own. Endowment House records.", "records_cite": "'Salt Lake Endowment House Records'", "children_n": 1, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1884, "married_year": 1865, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1865, "sort": [ 1865, 1, 8 ], "text": "8 Jan 1865", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1884, "sort": [ 1884, 0, 0 ], "text": "1884", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/mary-van-cott/" }, { "n": 52, "name": "Ann Eliza Webb", "born": 1844, "died": "?", "died_date": "Not known - Johnson records no death date", "died_place": "Not known - she disappears from the record", "married": "7 Apr 1868", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 24, "his_age": 67, "age_gap": 43, "phase": "Utah, 1860s", "polyandrous": "No - BY helped her divorce Dee in 1865, three years before", "other_husbands": "(1) James L. Dee (3) Moses R. Deming", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Time & eternity", "sexual": "Probable", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Briefly - then a farmhouse she resented", "divorce": "SUED FOR DIVORCE 1873; divorced 1875", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "Sued 1873; divorced 1875", "will": "No", "adopted": "No", "kin": "Daughter of Chauncey Webb, a stalwart church member", "outlived": "Unknown - no death year recorded", "left_church": "LEFT THE CHURCH - excommunicated 10 Oct 1874 (Johnson p. 63)", "remarried": "YES - after Brigham's death", "later_husbands": "Moses R. Deming", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "A FULL-LENGTH PUBLISHED AUTOBIOGRAPHY, the only one by any wife - and a hostile one. Plus a later popular biography. | Ann Eliza Young, Wife No. 19 (Hartford: Dustin, Gilman, 1876); Irving Wallace, The Twenty-seventh Wife (1961)", "description": "'WIFE NO. 19' - by far the most consequential departure. Brigham had personally helped her obtain a divorce from James Dee on grounds of 'abusive treatment' in December 1865, then married her himself in 1868 when she was twenty-three and he was sixty-six. She sued him for divorce in 1873, and the case became a national spectacle; she left the church, went on the anti-polygamy lecture circuit across the United States, and published 'Wife No. 19' (1875), which did more than any other single book to shape the American image of Brigham Young as a domestic tyrant. Johnson supplies the documentary spine: she applied for a CIVIL divorce in 1873, the case came to trial in 1875, the court ordered Brigham to pay $500 a month plus $3,000 costs, and when he refused he was fined $25 and served ONE DAY in prison for contempt. There is no record of an application for a CHURCH divorce - she was excommunicated on 10 October 1874. Johnson also disposes of her book's title: she was neither the last wife nor the nineteenth, but the FIFTY-SECOND. Turner uses her testimony carefully - she is vivid and unreliable in roughly equal measure.", "source": "Johnson Table 1, pp. 57, 63 (excommunication 10 Oct 1874; 'She was actually number fifty-two'); Turner p. 375; Quinn App. 6 ('no ch, divorced 1875')", "slug": "ann-eliza-webb", "era": "Utah", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "probable", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "no", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "left", "sealing": "time-and-eternity", "divorce": "separated", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "unknown", "remarried": "yes", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "A FULL-LENGTH PUBLISHED AUTOBIOGRAPHY, the only one by any wife - and a hostile one. Plus a later popular biography.", "records_cite": "Ann Eliza Young, Wife No. 19 (Hartford: Dustin, Gilman, 1876); Irving Wallace, The Twenty-seventh Wife (1961)", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 9999, "married_year": 1868, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1868, "sort": [ 1868, 4, 7 ], "text": "7 Apr 1868", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Divorce or separation", "year": 1873, "sort": [ 1873, 0, 0 ], "text": "Sued 1873; divorced 1875", "note": "" }, { "label": "Left the church", "year": 1874, "sort": [ 1874, 0, 0 ], "text": "LEFT THE CHURCH - excommunicated 10 Oct 1874 (Johnson p. 63)", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/ann-eliza-webb/" }, { "n": 53, "name": "Elizabeth Jones", "born": 1814, "died": 1895, "died_date": 1895, "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "3 July 1869", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 55, "his_age": 68, "age_gap": 13, "phase": "Utah, 1860s", "polyandrous": "No", "other_husbands": "(1) David T. Lewis (2) Dan Jones", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Not recorded", "sexual": "Unlikely", "children": 0, "lived_with": "Sent to Forest Farm; unhappy there", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "No", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. An obituary; she is discussed in the Welsh mission literature. | 'Death of Sister Jones,' Deseret Evening News", "description": "Widow of Dan Jones, the celebrated Welsh missionary. Known as the 'Welsh Queen' for her generosity to poor Welsh emigrants, and Brigham praised her publicly. She had asked to marry him in the 1850s and he REFUSED; only after Dan Jones died in 1862 did they kneel at the Endowment House altar, seven years later. Ann Eliza Webb alleged he married her for her Provo property; Turner is sceptical, noting she had been asking for years. She ended up running the grueling Forest Farm at sixty-one, and in 1875 Brigham threatened to replace her if she did not take better care of it.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 376", "slug": "elizabeth-jones", "era": "Utah", "cat": { "polyandrous": "no", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "yes", "will": "no", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "not-recorded", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. An obituary; she is discussed in the Welsh mission literature.", "records_cite": "'Death of Sister Jones,' Deseret Evening News", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1895, "married_year": 1869, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1869, "sort": [ 1869, 7, 3 ], "text": "3 July 1869", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1895, "sort": [ 1895, 0, 0 ], "text": "1895", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/elizabeth-jones/" }, { "n": 54, "name": "Lydia Farnsworth", "born": 1808, "died": 1897, "died_date": 1897, "died_place": "Not established here", "married": "8 May 1870", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 62, "his_age": 69, "age_gap": 7, "phase": "Utah, 1870s", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) Elijah Mayhew", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Eternity only (apparent)", "sexual": "Unlikely", "children": 0, "lived_with": "No", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "No", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Not documented here", "remarried": "No - lived with Elijah Mayhew until he died in 1896", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "Neither - records of her, not by her", "records": "None of her own. Endowment House record and an obituary. | 'Salt Lake Endowment House Records,' Book F, p. 172; Obituary, Deseret Evening News", "description": "Sixty-two at the sealing, with a living husband. Turner notes she 'had long wanted to be Brigham Young's wife' - one of several women who pursued the connection for years before it was granted. No children, no household, not in the will.", "source": "Johnson Table 1; Turner p. 376; Quinn App. 6 ('*Lydia Farnsworth (Mayhew) 1870 (no ch)')", "slug": "lydia-farnsworth", "era": "Utah", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "no", "will": "no", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "undocumented", "sealing": "eternity-only", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "none", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "None of her own. Endowment House record and an obituary.", "records_cite": "'Salt Lake Endowment House Records,' Book F, p. 172; Obituary, Deseret Evening News", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1897, "married_year": 1870, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1870, "sort": [ 1870, 5, 8 ], "text": "8 May 1870", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1897, "sort": [ 1897, 0, 0 ], "text": "1897", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/lydia-farnsworth/" }, { "n": 55, "name": "Hannah Tapfield King", "born": 1807, "died": 1886, "died_date": 1886, "died_place": "Salt Lake City", "married": "8 Dec 1872", "date_is_for": "Sealing only - no civil marriage; plural marriage had no standing in law", "temple_event": "n/a - sealed after Nauvoo (Winter Quarters or the Endowment House)", "her_age": 65, "his_age": 71, "age_gap": 6, "phase": "Utah, 1870s", "polyandrous": "Yes (Turner n. 56)", "other_husbands": "(1) Thomas O. King", "js_widow": "No", "sealing_type": "Eternity only", "sexual": "No", "children": 0, "lived_with": "NO - never part of the household", "divorce": "-", "adoption_date": "-", "divorce_date": "-", "will": "No", "adopted": "No", "kin": "-", "outlived": "Yes", "left_church": "Remained LDS (documented)", "remarried": "No - stayed with Thomas King", "later_husbands": "-", "record_type": "In her own words", "records": "AUTOBIOGRAPHY, plus two published books of her own poetry - she was a professional writer. | Hannah Tapfield King, Autobiography, c.1864-1872; Songs of the Heart (1879); Crawley, Descriptive Bibliography v.3", "description": "HIS LAST MARRIAGE, and a pure eternity-only sealing. A Cambridge-born English writer and poet who joined the church in 1850 and came to Utah in 1853 WITH her non-Mormon husband, who never converted. Sealed to Brigham for eternity in 1872 at sixty-five; Johnson is explicit that 'this sealing did not affect her relationship with her husband, and she never became part of the Brigham Young household.' She published 'Songs of the Heart' (1879) and an epic poem on the rise of the church (1884). If you want one row that proves 'wife' did not mean marriage, it is this one - or Mary Elizabeth Rollins at #21.", "source": "Johnson Table 1 and p. 66; Turner n. 56; Crawley, Descriptive Bibliography v.3", "slug": "hannah-tapfield-king", "era": "Utah", "cat": { "polyandrous": "yes", "js_widow": "no", "sexual": "unlikely", "lived_with": "no", "will": "no", "adopted": "no", "left_church": "remained", "sealing": "eternity-only", "divorce": "none", "children": "none-recorded", "outlived": "yes", "remarried": "no", "records": "own-hand", "date_is": "sealing" }, "records_prose": "AUTOBIOGRAPHY, plus two published books of her own poetry - she was a professional writer.", "records_cite": "Hannah Tapfield King, Autobiography, c.1864-1872; Songs of the Heart (1879); Crawley, Descriptive Bibliography v.3", "children_n": 0, "photo_era": null, "died_year": 1886, "married_year": 1872, "key_dates": [ { "label": "Sealed to him", "year": 1872, "sort": [ 1872, 12, 8 ], "text": "8 Dec 1872", "note": "A sealing, not a marriage in law: plural marriage had no legal standing." }, { "label": "Died", "year": 1886, "sort": [ 1886, 0, 0 ], "text": "1886", "note": "" } ], "_url": "https://brighamyoungspolygamy.com/wives/hannah-tapfield-king/" } ]